MRI: basic principles and applications

268 Pages·2003·6.606 MB·English

by  Mark A. Brown, Richard C. Semelka

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MMRRII
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MMRRII
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HIRD DITION
Mark AA. BBrown, PPh.D.
Senior Technical Instructor
Siemens Training and Development Center
Cary, North Carolina
Richard CC. SSemelka, MM.D.
Professor and Director of MR Services
Department of Radiology
University of North Carolina School of Medicine
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
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Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Brown, Mark A., 1955–
MRI : basic principles and applications / Mark A. Brown, Richard C.
Semelka. — 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical reference and index.
ISBN 0-471-43310-1
1. Magnetic resonance imaging. I. Semelka, Richard C. II. Title.
RC78.7.N83B765 2003
616.07'548—dc21 2003004787
Printed in the United States of America.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
Preface to the Third Edition, ix
Preface to the Second Edition, xi
Preface to the First Edition, xiii
11 PPrroodduuccttiioonn ooff NNeett MMaaggnneettiizzaattiioonn 11
22 CCoonncceeppttss ooff MMaaggnneettiicc RReessoonnaannccee 1111
33 RReellaaxxaattiioonn 2211
3.1 T1 Relaxation and Saturation, 21
3.2 T2 Relaxation, T2* Relaxation and Spin Echoes, 25
44 PPrriinncciipplleess ooff MMaaggnneettiicc RReessoonnaannccee IImmaaggiinngg——
PPaarrtt 11 3333
4.1 Slice Selection, 34
4.2 Readout or Frequency Encoding, 37
4.3 Phase Encoding, 40
4.4 Sequence Looping, 43
55 PPrriinncciipplleess ooff MMaaggnneettiicc RReessoonnaannccee IImmaaggiinngg——
PPaarrtt 22 4499
5.1 Frequency-Selective Excitation, 49
5.2 Raw Data and Image Data Matrices, 53
5.3 Raw Data and kSpace, 55
v
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vi Contents
5.4 Reduced kSpace Acquisitions, 62
5.5 Parallel Acquisition Techniques, 64
66 PPuullssee SSeeqquueenncceess 6677
6.1 Spin Echo Sequences, 69
6.2 Gradient Echo Sequences, 73
6.3 Echo Planar Imaging Sequences, 80
6.4 Magnetization-Prepared Sequences, 82
77 MMeeaassuurreemmeenntt PPaarraammeetteerrss aanndd IImmaaggee CCoonnttrraasstt 9933
7.1 Intrinsic Parameters, 94
7.2 Extrinsic Parameters, 97
7.3 Parameter Tradeoffs, 100
88 AAddddiittiioonnaall SSeeqquueennccee MMooddiiffiiccaattiioonnss 110033
8.1 Spatial Presaturation, 103
8.2 Fat Saturation, 105
8.3 Magnetization-Transfer Suppression, 107
8.4 Composite Pulses, 110
99 AArrttiiffaaccttss 111133
9.1 Motion Artifacts, 113
9.2 Sequence/Protocol-Related Artifacts, 117
9.3 External Artifacts, 129
1100 MMoottiioonn AArrttiiffaacctt RReedduuccttiioonn TTeecchhnniiqquueess 114411
10.1 Acquisition Parameter Modification, 142
10.2 Triggering/Gating, 144
10.3 Flow Compensation, 149
1111 MMaaggnneettiicc RReessoonnaannccee AAnnggiiooggrraapphhyy 115511
11.1 Time-of-Flight MRA, 153
11.2 Phase Contrast MRA, 157
11.3 Maximum Intensity Projection, 162
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Contents vii
1122 AAddvvaanncceedd IImmaaggiinngg AApppplliiccaattiioonnss 116655
12.1 Diffusion, 165
12.2 Perfusion, 169
12.3 Functional Brain Imaging, 173
12.4 Ultra-High Field Imaging, 176
12.5 Noble Gas Imaging, 178
1133 MMaaggnneettiicc RReessoonnaannccee SSppeeccttrroossccooppyy 118811
13.1 Additional Concepts, 181
13.2 Localization Techniques, 186
13.3 Spectral Analysis and Postprocessing, 189
13.4 Ultrahigh Field Spectroscopy, 194
1144 IInnssttrruummeennttaattiioonn 119977
14.1 Computer Systems, 197
14.2 Magnet System, 201
14.3 Gradient System, 204
14.4 Radio Frequency System, 206
14.5 Data Acquisition System, 208
14.6 Summary of System Components, 210
1155 CCoonnttrraasstt AAggeennttss 221133
15.1 Intravenous Agents, 214
15.2 Oral Agents, 221
1166 CClliinniiccaall AApppplliiccaattiioonnss 222233
16.1 General Principles of Clinical MR Imaging, 224
16.2 Examination Design Considerations, 225
16.3 Protocol Considerations for Anatomical Regions, 226
16.4 Recommendations for Specific Sequences
and Clinical Situations, 243
1177 RReeffeerreenncceess aanndd SSuuggggeesstteedd RReeaaddiinnggss 224477
IInnddeexx 225511
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Preface to the
Third Edition
Our intention in writing MRI: Basic Principles and Applications was to pro-
vide a book that would serve as a bridge between the theory and practical
usage of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We minimized the use of in-
tense mathematical formalism and attempted to show the underlying foun-
dation for MRI as it is currently used. Our attempt was to provide a re-
source for those medical personnel who needed accurate and detailed
information yet could not devote time to study an in-depth theoretical trea-
tise.
In the third edition, we have maintained the organization of the first
two editions. We have divided the description of MRI physics into two
chapters—the first a more introductory presentation and the second pre-
senting more advanced concepts. We have included a discussion of issues
related to ultra-high magnetic field scanning, as these systems are now
commercially available. Most of the figures have also been revised and up-
dated.
As in most projects of this type, a number of persons aided us and we
are grateful to them. First, we would like to thank the technical staff at the
Siemens Training and Development Center and the faculty, fellows, and
staff at the University of North Carolina for their interest in this project and
their assistance in its completion. In particular, we would like to thank
Thomas Beckman, Zeynep Firat, Kathryn Wissink, James R. MacFall, and H.
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x Preface to the Third Edition
Cecil Charles for providing images. Finally, we would like to thank our
families for their support and patience during the time that this revision
was prepared.
MARKA. BROWN
RICHARDC. SEMELKA
Cary, North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
March, 2003
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Preface to the
Second Edition
Our intention in writing the first edition ofMRI: Basic Principles and Applica-
tions as to provide a book that would serve as a bridge between the theory
of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its implementation in commer-
cial scanners. We minimized the use of intense mathematical formalism and
attempted to stress the practical aspects of MRI as it is currently used. Our
attempt was to provide a resource for those medical personnel who needed
accurate and detailed information yet could not devote time to study an in-
depth theoretical treatise.
In the second edition, we have maintained the basic organization of the
first edition. The first three chapters describe the basic principles behind
magnetic resonance as they are applied in the production of image contrast.
Chapters 4 through 6 describe the principles used for spatial localization of
the MR signal and many of the common techniques that are commercially
implemented. The next three chapters describe variations on the resulting
basic techniques that increase tissue contrast or ensure the quality of the
measurement. Chapters 10 through 12 illustrate some of the major applica-
tions of MRI in current use and some areas in which new applications have
been developed since the first edition. These include MR spectroscopy and
diffusion-weighted imaging. Chapter 13 describes the major hardware com-
ponents common to all MRI systems. The final chapters describe the use of
contrast agents and the principles that should be considered in developing
clinical protocols.
We would like to thank many people who aided us in the production of
this endeavor. First, we would like to thank the technical staff at the
xi