MRI : basic principles and applications

247 Pages·2015·5.47 MB·English

by  Mark A.

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MRI Basic Principles and Applications
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MRI Basic
Principles and
Applications
Brian M. Dale, PhD MBA
Mark A. Brown, PhD
Richard C. Semelka, MD
FIFTH EDITION
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2015©2015byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Dale,BrianM.,author.
MRI:basicprinciplesandapplications/BrianM.Dale,MarkA.Brown,andRichardC.Semelka.–Fifth
edition.
p.;cm.
PrecededbyMRI/MarkA.Brown,RichardC.Semelka.4thed.c2010.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-119-01305-1(pbk.)
I.Brown,MarkA.,1955-,author.II.Semelka,RichardC.,author.III.Brown,MarkA.,1955-MRI.
Precededby(work):IV.Title.
[DNLM:1.MagneticResonanceImaging–methods.WN185]
RC78.7.N83
616.07′548–dc23
2015015322
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1 2015
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Contents
Preface,ix
ABRstudyguidetopics,xi
1 Productionofnetmagnetization,1
1.1 Magneticfields,1
1.2 Nuclearspin,2
1.3 Nuclearmagneticmoments,4
1.4 Larmorprecession,4
1.5 Netmagnetization,6
1.6 Susceptibilityandmagneticmaterials,8
2 Conceptsofmagneticresonance,10
2.1 Radiofrequencyexcitation,10
2.2 Radiofrequencysignaldetection,12
2.3 Chemicalshift,14
3 Relaxation,17
3.1 T1relaxationandsaturation,17
3.2 T2relaxation,T2*relaxation,andspinechoes,21
4 Principlesofmagneticresonanceimaging–1,26
4.1 Gradientfields,26
4.2 Sliceselection,28
4.3 Readoutorfrequencyencoding,30
4.4 Phaseencoding,33
4.5 Sequencelooping,35
5 Principlesofmagneticresonanceimaging–2,39
5.1 Frequencyselectiveexcitation,39
5.2 Compositepulses,44
5.3 Rawdataandimagedatamatrices,46
5.4 Signal-to-noiseratioandtradeoffs,47
5.5 Rawdataandk-space,48
5.6 Reducedk-spacetechniques,51
5.7 Reorderedk-spacefillingtechniques,54
5.8 Otherk-spacefillingtechniques,56
5.9 Phased-arraycoils,58
5.10 Parallelacquisitionmethods,60
v
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vi Contents
6 Pulsesequences,65
6.1 Spinechosequences,67
6.2 Gradientechosequences,70
6.3 Echoplanarimagingsequences,75
6.4 Magnetization-preparedsequences,77
7 Measurementparametersandimagecontrast,86
7.1 Intrinsicparameters,87
7.2 Extrinsicparameters,89
7.3 Parametertradeoffs,91
8 Signalsuppressiontechniques,94
8.1 Spatialpresaturation,94
8.2 Magnetizationtransfersuppression,96
8.3 Frequency-selectivesaturation,99
8.4 Nonsaturationmethods,101
9 Artifacts,103
9.1 Motionartifacts,103
9.2 Sequence/Protocol-relatedartifacts,105
9.3 Externalartifacts,119
10 Motionartifactreductiontechniques,126
10.1 Acquisitionparametermodification,126
10.2 Triggering/Gating,127
10.3 Flowcompensation,132
10.4 Radial-basedmotioncompensation,134
11 Magneticresonanceangiography,135
11.1 Time-of-flightMRA,137
11.2 PhasecontrastMRA,141
11.3 Maximumintensityprojection,144
12 Advancedimagingapplications,147
12.1 Diffusion,147
12.2 Perfusion,153
12.3 Functionalbrainimaging,156
12.4 Ultra-highfieldimaging,158
12.5 Noblegasimaging,159
13 Magneticresonancespectroscopy,162
13.1 Additionalconcepts,162
13.2 Localizationtechniques,167
13.3 Spectralanalysisandpostprocessing,169
13.4 Ultra-highfieldspectroscopy,173
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Contents vii
14 Instrumentation,177
14.1 Computersystems,177
14.2 Magnetsystem,180
14.3 Gradientsystem,182
14.4 Radiofrequencysystem,184
14.5 Dataacquisitionsystem,186
14.6 Summaryofsystemcomponents,187
15 Contrastagents,189
15.1 Intravenousagents,190
15.2 Oralagents,195
16 Safety,196
16.1 Basemagneticfield,197
16.2 Cryogens,197
16.3 Gradients,198
16.4 RFpowerdeposition,198
16.5 Contrastmedia,199
17 Clinicalapplications,200
17.1 GeneralprinciplesofclinicalMRimaging,200
17.2 Examinationdesignconsiderations,202
17.3 Protocolconsiderationsforanatomicalregions,203
17.4 Recommendationsforspecificsequencesand
clinicalsituations,218
Referencesandsuggestedreadings,222
Index,225
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