Mozambique: A War against the People

202 Pages·1992·22.1 MB·English

by  Hilary Andersson (auth.)

MOZAMBIQUE
Mozambique
A War against the People
Hilary Andersson
Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 978-1-349-22318-3 ISBN 978-1-349-22316-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-22316-9
© Hilary Andersson 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1992
All rights reserved. For infonnation, write:
Scholarly and Reference Division,
St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue,
New York, N.Y. 10010
First published in the United States of America in 1992
ISBN 978-0-312-08406-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Andersson, Hilary 1967-
Mozambique: a war against the people / Hilary Andersson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-312-08406-6
1. Mozambique-Politics and government-1975- 2. RENAMO
(Organization) 3. FRELIMO. I. Title.
DT3398. A54 1992
967 . 905--dc20 92-8426
CW
This book is dedicated to my Father who made it
possible, and to both my parents, for everything
Contents
List of Maps and Figures Vlll
Acknowledgements ix
List of Abbreviations x
Chronology Xl
1 Background - a Land of War, a Land of Hope 1
2 Frelimo - Discipline, Idealism, Pragmatism 21
3 Renamo - the 'Khmer Rouge' of Africa 46
4 Structure of the War - the Rape of a Country 76
5 Internal Dislocaton - a War against the People 94
6 Refugees in South Africa - a Forgotten People 110
7 Refugees in Malawi - the Triangle of Discontent 128
8 The Limits of Aid 145
9 Mozambique's Future - the Dressing of a Skeleton 161
Notes 174
Bibliography 183
Index 186
vii
List of Maps and Figures
Maps
1.1 Mozambique 3
2.1 Mozambique: Conditions of Accessibility 1990 21
5.1 Mozambique: Concentrations of Displaced People,
February 1989 109
Figure
3.1 Evolution of Renamo's Insignia 73
viii
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Muhendra Sheth, 10han Viljoen, Tony and Phillipa of
Care, Alex Vines and the many others who were so generous with time,
material and hospitality. I am grateful too to all those who gave their time
to be interviewed, particularly the refugees; and to the United Nations for
the use of its maps. I would like also to thank Katharine Simpson and
Thomas Case for their editorial help in the preparation of this book.
IX
List of Abbreviations
AIM Agencia Informa9ao de Mozambique
ANC African National Congress
BOSS Bureau of State Security
CCB Civil Co-Operation Bureau
CCM Christian Council of Malawi
CIO Central Intelligence Organisation
DGS Dire9ao de Seguran9a (PIDE renamed DGS in 1969)
GD Grupa Dinamizador
ERP Economic Rehabilitation Programme
FRELIMO Frente de Liberta9ao de M09ambique
MNR Mozambique National Resistance; Originally Movimento
Nacional de Resistencia de M09ambique, later Resistencia
Nacional M09ambicana (RNM or RENAMO)
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
PALMO Partido Liberal e Democratico de M09ambique
PIDE Polfcia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado (Portuguese
secret Police renamed DGS)
OMM Organisa9ao da Mulher M09ambicana
REMO Resistencia M09ambique
RENAMO Resistencia Nacional M09ambicana
SACC South African Council of Churches
SADCC Southern African Development Co-Ordination Conference
SADF South African Defence Force
UNAMO Mozambique National Union
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees
WFP World Food Programme
WHO World Health Organisation
ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union
x
Chronology
1960 Massacre at Mueda by Portuguese
1962 25 June, Frelimo Founded; September, First Congress held
1964 September, armed struggle for independence begins
1968 July, Frelimo Second Congress
1968 Frelimo war spreads into Tete
1969/70 First Rhodesian raids into Mozambique
1970-73 Frelimo war spreads south of the Zambezi, into Manica and
Sofala
1974 September, Frelimo dominates transitional government.
1975 June 25, Independence for Mozambique
1975 September, Magaia first appears
1976 March, Mozambique imposes sanctions on Rhodesia
1976 July 5, Radio station set up in Rhodesia
1977 February, Frelimo Third Congress held
1979 Renamo 'Statutes' printed
1979 December, Lancaster House Agreement
1980 April 18, Independence for Zimbabwe
1979/80 Andre Matsangaissa killed, Afonso Dhlakama becomes
President of Renamo
1980 March, Renamo 'handed' fully to South Africa
1982 Renamo conference held
1983 April, Frelimo Fourth Congress held
1983/4 Renamo war spreads north
1983/4 Droughts reach their peak
1984 March 16, nKomati Accord signed
1984 October 3, Pretoria Declaration Talks
1986 October 19, Samora Machel is killed, November 6, Joaquim
Chissano takes over as President
1986/7 Massive influx of Refugees to Malawi starts
1987 July, Renamo massacre at Homoine, 424 slaughtered
1987 August, Renamo massacre at Manjacaze, 92 slaughtered
1987 October, Renamo massacre at Taninga, 278 slaughtered
1987 Economic Rehabilitation Programe embarked on
1989 June, Renamo 'First' Congress held
1989 July, Frelimo Fifth Congress held
1990 December, Rome partial ceasefire agreement
Xl