Move Towards Zero Hunger

217 Pages·2019·5.869 MB·English

by  Basant Kumara Behera, Pramod Kumar Rout, Shyambhavee Behera

Basanta Kumara Behera 
Pramod Kumar Rout 
Shyambhavee Behera
Move
Towards
Zero Hunger
Move Towards Zero Hunger
Basanta Kumara Behera
Pramod Kumar Rout
Shyambhavee Behera
Move Towards Zero
Hunger
Basanta Kumara Behera Pramod Kumar Rout
Advanced Centre for Biotechnology Genetics and Breeding Division
Maharshi Dayanand University ICAR-Central Institute for Research
Rohtak, Haryana, India on Goats, Makhdoom
Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
Shyambhavee Behera
Department of Community Medicine,
University of Delhi
University College of Medical Sciences,
GTB Hospital
New Delhi, India
ISBN 978-981-32-9799-9 ISBN 978-981-32-9800-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9800-2
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Preface
The inhabitable world is gradually losing social integrity, and as a result, an exis-
tence of huge gap between rich and poor has brought brainstorming impact to
resolve such problem in an amicable way under the provision of minimum budget.
Some parts of global geographic locations, rich in modern agriculture technologies,
are in dilemma to store the overproduced food grains, and even seasonal fruits and
vegetable, and are forced to destroy the overproduced agricultural products under
the constraint of poor logistic system, food warehouses and management of micro-
economy system. On the other side, millions of people in extreme rural captured
area are leading stressful life with hunger and poverty. This piece of book gives
clues to resolve the problems of food security and poverty in rural areas so that
minimum social justice will be accessed to the rural people deprived of regular food
and shelter. This book also projects how to develop sustainable foundation in
extreme rural location with the help of indigenous resources to confront with prob-
lems like hunger, malnutrition and chronic health problem by structural transforma-
tion of prevailing extremely poor social economic transition and awfully deprived
life style with scarcity of minimum food and shelter and bring them in sustainable
form for better life for tomorrow.
Virtually, Nobel concept of zero hunger programme was initiated by President
Lula in 2003 for hunger eradication and social inclusion, linking macro-economic,
social and productive polices. After a decade and so, zero hunger challenge was
launched by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in 2012. As reported
in the Global Hunger Index 2017, the world has made progress in reducing hunger
since 2000; however, the progress has been uneven, and not fulfilling the claims,
earlier. Recent report says that several countries have higher hunger level in 2017
than they did in 2008, indicating that progress in reducing hunger over recent
decades is reversing more recently in some places. Due to the scarcity of data bank
and reference books, it has been a herculean task to resolve the problem of extreme
poverty and go ahead with zero hunger in a substantial manner. So, the main reason
for designing this piece of manuscript is to provide ready reference to the sciences
those who are having social volunteers; NGO; international organisations like
United Nations Rome-based agencies (RBAs), the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD) and World Food Programme (WFP); policymakers;
v
vi Preface
bureaucratic politicians; and students studying sociology, social sciences, agricul-
ture, public health and veterinary inquisitive mind to know more about zero
hunger.
The authors are highly thankful to Mrs. Asha Sharma, Katyayanee, Gopal, Ms.
Mahima Verma (Postdoctoral Fellow) and Mrs. Rashmirekha for their immense
help in computer graphic design, model preparation and data compiling while pre-
paring and giving shape to the manuscript. The kind cooperation of the publisher is
highly acknowledged. We sincerely acknowledge the help of “Consortium of
Scientists and Sociologists for Social Inclusion Development (CSSSID),” while
computerizing data mine on rural women’s empowerment.
Rohtak, India Basanta Kumara Behera
Mathura, India Pramod Kumar Rout
New Delhi, India Shyambhavee Behera
Contents
1 Move Towards Zero Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Envisioning Zero Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Genesis of Zero Hunger Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.2 Strategic Plan for Food Security and Zero Hunger . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.3 Social Inclusion for Zero Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.1.4 Resilience-Building Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.1.5 What Causes Hunger? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.1.6 Pillars of Food Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.1.7 Challenges to Food Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2 Water, Energy and Food Security: Pillars for Zero Hunger . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1.1 Water Security for Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.1.2 Energy Security for Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.1.3 Food Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3 Paradigm for Zero Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.1 International Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.1.1 Modernisation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.1.2 Dependency Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.1.3 World-Systems Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.1.4 Neoliberalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.1.5 Good Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.1.6 Capability Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.2 Global Goals for Eradication of Hunger and Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.2.1 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.3 Global Food System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.3.1 Conventional Food System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.3.2 Alternative Food System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3.3 Cooperatives in Food System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3.4 Fair Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
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3.4 Food System Supply Chain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.4.1 Food Supply Chain in Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.4.2 Disruption of Food Supply Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4 Health for All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.1 Conceptual Development of Universal Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.1.1 Primary Healthcare (PHC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.1.2 Primary Healthcare for Rural Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.1.3 Healthcare, Food Insecurity and Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.1.4 Framework for Rural Health Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2 Innovative Health Technologies for Rural Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.2.1 Components of HIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.2.2 Future Prospects of Innovative Healthcare Technology . . . . . 103
4.3 Manual for Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.4 Healthcare Access in Rural Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.4.1 Health Determinants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.4.2 Global Awareness on Rural Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.5 Rural Health Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5 Rural Women Encounter Hunger and Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.1 Women and Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.1.1 Malnutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2 Women and Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3 Life Cycle of Rural Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.3.1 Infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.3.2 Puberty for Rural Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.3.3 Maternal Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.4 Rural Health Disparities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.4.1 Obstetric and Reproductive Health Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.4.2 Access to Health Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.4.3 Obstetric-Gynaecologic Workforce in Rural Areas . . . . . . . . 129
5.4.4 Rural Women’s Health Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.4.5 Initiatives to Improve Services for Rural Women . . . . . . . . . 132
5.5 Changing the Rural Women’s Life Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.6 Rural Women’s Development Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.7 Empower Rural Women to End Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6 Sustainable Livestock Farming for Zero Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.1 Conceptual Development of Sustainable Livestock Farming . . . . . . 142
6.2 Types of Sustainable Livestock Farming Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.2.1 Organic Livestock Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.2.2 Energy Autonomy in Sustainable Livestock Farming . . . . . . 145
6.2.3 Mixed Livestock Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Contents ix
6.3 Production Efficiency and Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Sources from the Livestock . . . . 148
6.3.2 Methane Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.3.3 Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.4 Pasture Land Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.5 Developing Family Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.6 Livestock Linked to Bioaccumulation of Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.6.1 Nutrient Enrichment of Gut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7 Micro Livestock Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.1 Micro Livestock Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.2 Goat Farming as Special Boon for Zero Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
7.3 Integrated Goat Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.3.1 Integrated Farming for Goat Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.3.2 Biosecurity Measures for Goat Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.4 Goat Farming for Alternative Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.5 Goat Farming-Based Home Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.5.1 Goat Meat Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.5.2 Milk Product. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.5.3 Goat Milk Soap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.5.4 Goat Skin Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.5.5 Goat Fibre Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.6 Indicators for Sustainability of Goat Production System . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.7 Subsistence Goat Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8 World Hunger and Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.1 Types of Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
8.1.1 Acute Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
8.1.2 Chronic Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
8.1.3 Hidden Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
8.2 Initiative Factors for Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
8.3 Global Hunger Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.4 Ways and Means for Solution to Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.5 World Initiative for Zero Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
About the Authors
Basanta Kumara Behera was a Professor of Biotechnology at three distinguished

Indian universities, and has been involved in postgraduate teaching and research on
the topics related to bio-energy management and biomass processing technology
since 1978. In 2009 he joined a MNS company as adviser for speciality chemical
production and drug design using microbial process technologies. Prof. Behera is
associated with leading national and international companies as a technical adviser
on the production of biopharmaceuticals under cGMP norms. He has authored vari-
ous books published by CRC Press USA and Springer Verlag, Germany, and is also
an accomplished writer, writing in many forms like free verse, haiku, Senryu,
Sonnet, Tanka, and quatrain. He publishes English poems in both national and inter-
national magazines.
Pramod Kumar Rout is working as a Principal Scientist at ICAR-CIRG. He com-

pleted his doctoral degree at the Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar and
worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi
and at the Genetics and Genomics Division, Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK. He has
also worked as a Visiting Scientist at the University of Arizona, USA and he coordi-
nates an All India research project on goat improvement in different agro climatic
zones in India. His research interests include the genetic diversity of livestock, con-
servation of animal genetic resources and management, genetics of disease resis-
tance, genetics of heat stress regulation in livestock and milk genomics. He has also
worked in the area of conservation of endangered goats in their natural habitat and on
various developmental projects with farmers in remote corners of India.
Shyambhavee Behera is a medical graduate from Lady Hardinge Medical College,

New Delhi, and holds an MD degree from University College of Medical Science,
New Delhi. She works in the field of non-communicable disease, immunization,
maternal and child health, epidemiology and health administration to promote sus-
tainable life styles and improve health. Currently she is working as Senior Resident,
Department of Community Medicine, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical
Sciences and Dr, Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India. She was the co-
author of book series “New Paradigms of Living Systems” SpringerNature,
Singapore Pte. Ltd.
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