Motion-Induced Eddy Current Techniques for Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation

360 Pages·2019·14.885 MB·English

by  Hartmut Brauer, Marek Ziolkowski, Konstantin Weise, Matthias Carlstedt, Robert P. Uhlig, Mladen Zec

IETCONTROL,ROBOTICSANDSENSORSSERIES06
Motion-Induced Eddy
Current Techniques for
Non-Destructive Testing
and Evaluation
TheIETInternationalBookSeriesonSensors
IETInternationalBookSeriesonSensors—CallforAuthors
Theuseofsensorshasincreaseddramaticallyinallindustries.Theyarefundamentalinawide
rangeofapplicationsfromcommunicationtomonitoring,remoteoperation,processcontrol,
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BookSeriesEditorialBoard
● Dr.HartmutBrauer,TechnischeUniversitätIlmenau,Germany
● Prof.NathanIda,UniversityofAkron,USA
● Prof.EdwardSazonov,UniversityofAlabama,USA
● ProfDesineni“Subbaram”Naidu,UniversityofMinnesotaDuluth,USA
● Prof.WuqiangYang,UniversityofManchester,UK
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Motion-Induced Eddy
Current Techniques for
Non-Destructive Testing
and Evaluation
Hartmut Brauer, Marek Ziolkowski, Konstantin Weise,
Matthias Carlstedt, Robert P. Uhlig, Mladen Zec
The Institution of Engineering and Technology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
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Contents
AuthorBiographies ix
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
HartmutBrauer
1.1 Electromagnetictesting 9
1.1.1 Briefhistoricalreview 10
1.1.2 ElectromagneticNDTmethods 11
1.1.3 Capabilitiesofelectromagnetictechniques 14
1.1.4 Presentstateofeddycurrentinspection 15
1.2 Eddycurrenttesting 18
1.2.1 EddycurrentandECT 18
1.2.2 ECTprinciples 19
1.2.3 Applications 34
1.3 Motion-inducedECT 35
1.3.1 Introduction 35
1.3.2 Lorentzforceeddycurrenttesting 36
1.3.3 Theory 38
1.3.4 Experiments 39
1.3.5 ComparisonofECTandLET 43
2 Forwardsimulationmethods 47
MarekZiolkowski,MladenZecandKonstantinWeise
2.1 Movingcoordinatesystems—transformations 48
2.2 SemianalyticalmethodsusedinLETsystems 51
2.2.1 Calculationofforcesin2DLETsystems 51
2.2.2 Lorentz forces acting on 3D permanent magnets above
movingconductingplatewithoutdefects 62
2.2.3 Calculationofforcesin3DLETsystems 70
2.2.4 Oscillatorymotionofpermanentmagnetsabovea
conductingplate 75
2.2.5 ThesimplestapproachtocalculateDRS 100
2.2.6 Aholeinathin,large,conductivesheet 103
2.2.7 AnextendedareaapproachinthecalculationofDRS 105
2.3 Surfacechargesimulationmethod 110
vi Motion-inducededdycurrenttestingandevaluation
2.4 NumericalsimulationswithFEM 116
2.4.1 Introductionandmotivation 116
2.4.2 Computationofeddycurrentdistributionsincluding
movingparts 117
2.4.3 Numericalmodelingofconductivityanomalies 120
2.4.4 Comparisonofnumericalapproaches 129
3 SensorsforMIECT 137
MatthiasCarlstedt,HartmutBrauerandKonstantinWeise
3.1 Forcemeasurementsystems 137
3.1.1 Principlesofforcetransducers 137
3.1.2 DifferentialLorentzforceeddycurrenttestingsensor 141
3.1.3 Characteristicsandcalibrationofforce
measurementsystems 146
3.2 OptimizationofPMsystems 147
3.2.1 Introductionandmotivation 147
3.2.2 Methods 147
3.2.3 Optimizationresultsanddiscussion 162
3.2.4 PrototypesofoptimizedLETmagnetsystems 168
3.2.5 Defectdepthstudy 171
3.2.6 Conclusions 173
4 ExperimentsandLETmeasurements 175
MatthiasCarlstedtandKonstantinWeise
4.1 Measurementprocedure 175
4.1.1 Measurementprinciple 176
4.1.2 Measurementmethod 176
4.1.3 Experimentalsetup 179
4.2 Validationprocedure 186
4.2.1 DSPandbasicstatistics 186
4.2.2 Autocorrelationontypicalforcesignals 190
4.2.3 ProgramflowchartforDSP 192
4.2.4 Experimentalstudy 198
4.2.5 Uncertaintyanalysis 204
5 Lorentzforceevaluation 227
HartmutBrauer
5.1 Identificationofconductivityanomalies 227
5.2 Inversesolutiontechniques 229
5.2.1 Theory 229
5.2.2 Classificationofinverseproblems 230
5.2.3 Regularization 235
5.3 Lorentzforceevaluation 236
5.4 Summary 242
Contents vii
6 Applications 243
RobertP.Uhlig,HartmutBrauer,KonstantinWeiseandMarekZiolkowski
6.1 Sigmometry 243
6.1.1 Introductionandmotivation 243
6.1.2 Basicprinciple 244
6.1.3 Semianalyticalandnumericalcalibration 246
6.1.4 Experimentalvalidation 248
6.1.5 Findings 254
6.2 Defectocscopyofmultilayeredstructures 255
6.2.1 LETmeasurementsofalucobondspecimen 255
6.2.2 Forwardsimulations 256
6.2.3 Defectidentification 259
6.2.4 Resultsanddiscussion 261
6.3 Inspectionofcomposites 265
6.3.1 Compositematerial 265
6.3.2 Glasslaminatealuminumreinforcedepoxy(GLARE) 267
6.3.3 Carbonfiberreinforcedpolymer(CFRP) 280
6.4 Defectoscopyoffrictionstirwelding 290
6.4.1 Frictionstirwelding(FSW) 290
6.4.2 FSWexperiments 294
6.4.3 NDToffrictionstirwelds 295
6.4.4 MIECTmeasurementsoffrictionstirwelds 298
6.4.5 PotentialapplicationsofMIECT 302
6.5 Applicationtoferromagneticmaterials 303
References 307
Index 337
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Author Biographies
Dr.HartmutBrauerwasbornnearBerlin,Germany,in
1953. He received the Diploma and Dr.-Ing. degrees in
1975and1982,respectively,bothinelectricalengineer-
ing from theTechnische Universität Ilmenau, Germany.
InJune2014,hewasawardedwiththehonorarydoctorate
(Dr.h.c.)fromtheUniversityofNiš,Serbia.
He has been with the Advanced Electromagnet-
ics Group at the Technische Universität Ilmenau since
1975, where he is currently Senior Lecturer and Senior
Researcher. He has authored or co-authored over 90
papers in reviewed journals and books. His current
research interests include the theory and computation
of electromagnetic fields and inverse field problems/optimization in electrical
engineering,withapplicationstoelectromagneticnondestructiveevaluationandbio-
electromagnetism. He is member of the International Compumag Society since
1994,andoftheInternationalSteeringCommitteeoftheInternationalWorkshopson
OptimizationandInverseProblemsinElectromagnetismsince2008.
Dr.-Ing.habil.MarekZiolkowskiiscurrentlyasci-
entific co-worker at the Advanced Electromagnetics
Group,TechnischeUniversitätIlmenau,Germanyand
assistantprofessorattheAppliedInformaticsGroup,
WestPomeranianUniversityofTechnology,Szczecin,
Poland. He teaches electromagnetics and computa-
tional methods and algorithms. His current research
interestsincludenumericalandanalyticalmodelingof
electromagnetic fields, especially in relation to sen-
sors,eddycurrents,theoreticalissuesincomputation,
nondestructivetestingofmaterialsatlowfrequencies
as well as in moving objects. He is the author or
co-authorofthreemonographsandover200scientificpapers.