Moss & Adams’ Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Including the Fetus and Young Adult

1733 Pages·2012·136.15 MB·English

by  Hugh D. Allen

Moss and Adams' V
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Heart Disease
U
M
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In Infants, Children, and Adolescents
I
Including the Fetus and Young Adult
e i g h t h e d i t i o n
Hugh D. Allen
David J. Driscoll
Robert E. Shaddy
Timothy F. Feltes
Moss and Adams Heart
Disease in Infants, Children,
and Adolescents
Including the Fetus and Young Adult
E I G H T H E D I T I O N V O L U M E
EDITORS
Hugh D. Allen, MD, FACC, Robert E. Shaddy, MD
FAAP, FAHA Professor of Pediatrics
Department of Pediatrics
Professor of Pediatrics (Cardiology)
University of Pennsylvania Perelman
Baylor College of Medicine
School of Medicine
Staff Cardiologist
Chief, Division of Pediatric Cardiology
Texas Children's Hospital
Vice Chair, Department of Pediatrics
Houston, Texas
The Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
David J. Driscoll, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Timothy F. Feltes, MD
Division of Pediatric Cardiology
Andy Paxon Chair in Cardiology
Department of Pediatric and Adolescent
Co-Director of the Heart Center
Medicine
Chief, Pediatric Cardiology
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Professor of Pediatrics
Mayo Clinic Foundation
The Ohio State University
Rochester, Minnesota
Nationwide Children's Hospital
Columbus, Ohio
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Moss & Adams heart disease in infants, children, and adolescents: including the fetus and
young adult /Hugh D. Allen ... ret al.]. - 8th ed.
p. ;cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-4511-1893-3 (hardback)
1. Heart-Diseases. 2. Pediatric cardiology. I. Allen, Hugh D.
RJ421.H38 2013
618.92'12-dc23
2012004155
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Dedication
To my grandchildren, Christopher, Stella,
and Adam, and to my families at home as
well as at work.
-HDA
To my grandchildren, Brendan and
Emmaleine.
-DJD
To family and friends for their patience and
support.
-RES
Jethro got it right; life's a long song starting
with you, Mr. Johnson. But was the deal
worth it? It may be a buckdancer's choice
to travel with traffic or to take the lonely
Ventura Highway, but we always seem to
end up in Winslow Arizona. To Taj, Ste-
vie Rae, John Lee, Lightnin', Eric, and the
King himself, thanks for the tunes boys.
Pete, glad the Detours name didn't stick but
then the lead balloon" did! And to Club
cc
27's Jim, Jimi, and Janis, your poetry lives
on. I'm bad ... I'm Nationwide!
-TFF

Contributors ix 11 Cardiac Computed Tomography
Preface xvii
in Children with Congenital Heart
Acknowledgments xutu
Disease 247
Tribute to Moss, Adams, & Emmanouilides xix
Frederick R.Long and Joachim G.Eichhorn
The Development of Pediatric Cardiology: Historical
Milestones http://solution.lww.com 12 Cardiac Catheterization
and Angiography 258
Nathaniel W Taggart and Allison K.Cabalka
VOLUME I
13 Therapeutic Cardiac Catheterization .. 288
I:
SECTION Ralf J. Holzer and John PCheatham
Structure and Function ofthe Cardiovascular
System 1 III:
---- SECTION
Electrophysiology 348
1 Cardiac Anatomy and Examination
of Cardiac Specimens 1
14 Development and Functional
William D.Edwards and Joseph J. Maleszewski
Maturation of the Cardiac
2 Classification and Terminology
Conduction System 348
of Cardiovascular Anomalies 32
Aleksander Sizarov, Antoon F.M.Moorman, and Arthur S.Pickoff
William D.Edwards and Joseph J. Maleszewski
15 The Normal Electrocardiogram ..... 372
3 Development of Myocardial Structure
George F.Van Hare and Anne M. Dubin
and Function 52
16 Cardiac Channelopathies, Syncope,
PamelaALucchesi, KirkR.Hutchinson, Luciana Martins, andLorenE.Wold
and Sudden Death 389
4 Circulation Physiology 69
Michael J.Ackerman
David F.Teitel, Steven C.Cassidy, and Jeffrey R.Fineman
17 Electrophysiology Studies
and Electrophysiologic Therapeutic
SECTION II: Catheterization 401
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Methods 82 J. Philip Saul and John D.Kugler
18 Disorders of Cardiac Rhythm
5 History and Physical Examination .... 82
and Conduction 441
Steven C Cassidy, Hugh D.Allen, and John R.Phillips
Bryan C.Cannon and Christopher S.Snyder
6 Exercise Screening and Sports
Participation 93
IV:
SECTION
Julie A Brothers, Paul Stephens, Jr..and Stephen M. Paridon
Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care 473
7 Exercise Testing 118
Paolo 1 Pianosi and David J. Driscoll
19 Physiology of the Preterm and Term
8 Echocardiography: Basic Principles
Infant 473
and Imaging 134
Timothy M. Hoffman and Stephen E.Welty
Thomas R.Kimball and ErikC.Michelfelder
20 Pediatric Cardiovascular Intensive
9 Echocardiographic Assessment
Care 483
of Cardiac Dimensions, Cardiac
Dean B.Andropoulos and Anthony C.Chang
Function, and Valve Function 172
21 Cardiac Mechanical Support
LucL.Mertens and Mark K.Friedberg
Therapies 530
10 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 207
Elizabeth D.Blume, Ravi R.Thiagarajan, and Peter C.Laussen
TalGevaand Andrew J. Powell
v
vi Contents
22 Cardiopulmonary and Right-Left VOLUME II
Heart Interactions 546
PART C: Venous Abnormalities
Andrew N.Redington
35 Anomalies of the Pulmonary Veins... 809
23 Cardiac Trauma 552
David W. Brown andTalGeva
GaryA.Smith andTimothy F.Feltes
36 Abnormal Systemic Venous
Connections 840
V:
SECTION
TalGeva
From the Gene to the Neonate 560
37 Vascular Tumors and Anomalies .... 864
24 Molecular Determinants of Cardiac Ahmad I.Alomari
Development and Disease 560 38 Tricuspid Atresia, Stenosis,
Regurgitation, and Uhl's Anomaly ... 877
Deepak Srivastava and H.Scott Baldwin
25 Epidemiology and Prevention Michael L.Epstein
of Congenital Heart Defects 577 39 Ebstein's Anomaly, Congenital
Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation,
Lorenzo D.Botto
and Dysplasia 889
26 Genetic Aspects of Congenital Heart
Defects 617 Sameh M. Said and Joseph A. Dearani
40 Pulmonary Stenosis 913
Elizabeth Goldmuntz, Melissa L.Crenshaw, and Angela E.Lin
27 Fetal Echocardiography and Fetal Lourdes R.Prieto and LarryA.Latson
Cardiology 644 41 Pulmonary Atresia and Intact
Ventricular Septum 939
Charles S Kleinman, Julie S.Glickstein, Ganga Krishnamurthy,
andJodie K.Votava-Smith David G.Nykanen
42 Pulmonary Atresia and Ventricular
Septal Defect 959
VI:
SECTION
Patrick W. O'Leary, William D.Edwards, PaulR.Julsrud,
Congenital Cardiovascular Malformations 672
and Harold MacDonald Burkhart
PART A: Septal Defects 43 Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary
28 Atrial Septal Defects 672 Stenosis and Tetralogy of Fallot
with Absent Pulmonary Valve 969
Ritu Sachdeva
29 Atrioventricular Septal Defects 691 S.LucyRoche, Steven C.Greenway, and Andrew N.Redington
FrankCetta, Luann L.Minich, Joseph J. Maleszewski, PART 0: Left Ventricular Inflow and Outflow
Joseph A.Dearani, and Harold MacDonald Burkhart
Abnormalities
30 Ventricular Septal Defects 713
44 Truncus Arteriosus 990
Agustin E Rubio and Mark B.Lewin
Allison K.Cabalka, William D.Edwards, andJoseph A.Dearani
PART B: Arterial Abnormalities 45 Anatomical and Functional Mitral
31 Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Valve Abnormalities in the Pediatric
Aortopulmonary Window 722 Population 1003
Phillip Moore and Michael M. Brook Andrew S.Mackie andJeffrey F.Smallhorn
32 Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary 46 Aortic Stenosis 1023
Vessels and the Aortic Root 746 Douglas J. Schneider andJohn W. Moore
D.Scott Limand G.PaulMatherne 47 Coarctation of the Aorta 1044
33 Aortic Arch and Vascular Robert H.Beekman, III
Anomalies 758 48 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome .. 1061
PaulM. Weinberg, Shobha Natarajan, and Lindsay S.Rogers James S Tweddell, George M. Hoffman, Nancy S.Ghanayem,
34 Abnormalities of the Aortic Root .... 799 Michele A.Frommelt, Kathleen A.Mussatto, and Stuart Berger
Matina Prapa, John Pepper,and Michael A.Gatzoulis
Index 1-1
Contents vii
PART E: Abnormalities ofthe Origin ofthe Great 64 Myocardial Ischemia 1377
Arteries Ali N.Zaidi and Curt J. Daniels
49 Transposition ofthe Great Arteries... 1097 65 Pediatric Heart Transplantation .... 1384
GilWernovsky Robert E.Shaddy and Francesco Parisi
50 Congenitally Corrected
Transposition of the Great Arteries VIII:
SECTION
(Atrioventricular and
Pulmonary Vascular Disease 1401
Ventriculoarterial Discordance) .... 1147
Joseph Atallah, Jennifer M. Rutledge, andJohn D.Dyck 66 Pathophysiology of Pulmonary
Hypertension 1401
F:
PART Complex Cardiac Abnormalities
Marlene Rabinovitch
51 Double Outlet Right Ventricle ..... 1161
67 Clinical Management of Pediatric
Gail E.Wright, Katsuhide Maeda, Norman H.Silverman,
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ... 1433
FrankL.Hanley, and Stephen J. Roth
D.Dunbar Ivy
52 Univentricular Atrioventricular
Connection 1175
IX:
Michael G.Earing, Donald J. Hagler, and William D.Edwards SECTION
53 Cardiac Malpositions and Abnormalities The Young Adult with Congenital
of Atrial and Visceral Situs 1195 Heart Disease 1463
Patrick W. O'Leary and Donald J. Hagler
68 The Adolescent and Adult
with Congenital Heart Disease..... 1463
VII:
SECTION
Ali N.Zaidi and CurtJ. Daniels
Diseases ofthe Endocardium,
69 Pregnancy in Young Women
Myocardium, and Pericardium 1217
with Congenital Heart Disease..... 1494
54 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy .... 1217 Candice K.Silversides, Jack M. Colman, and Samuel C.Siu
BarryJ. Maron
55 Dilated Cardiomyopathy 1235 X:
SECTION
Timothy M. Olson and David P.Chan Other Special Problems and Issues 1509
._-----
56 Myocarditis 1247
Jeffrey A.Towbin. Angela l.orts. andJohn LynnJefferies 70 Chest Pain in Children
57 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 1267 and Adolescents 1509
Susan W. Denfield Jonathan N.Johnson and David J. Driscoll
58 TheHeart inMuscular Dystrophies... 1277 71 Coronary Risk Factors in Children.. 1514
Hugh D.Allen, Jerry R.Mendell, Kevin M. Flanigan, Stephen R.Daniels
andTimothy M. Hoffman 72 Cardiac Tumors 1549
59 Kawasaki Disease (Mucocutaneous Gerald R.Marx andAdrian M. Moran
Lymph Node Syndrome) 1287 73 Chronic Heart Failure in Children .. 1565
Sarah D.DeFerranti andJane W. Newburger Robert E.Shaddy and Lloyd Y.Tani
60 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic 74 NeurodevelopmentalOutcomes
Heart Disease 1303 after Heart Surgery in Children .... 1579
Lloyd Y.Tani Caren S.Goldberg and Jane W. Newburger
61 Inflammatory Noninfectious 75 Hematologic Aspects of Pediatric
Cardiovascular Diseases 1331 and Adolescent Heart Disease:
Charles H.Spencer, Anjali Patwardhan, and Sharon L.Roble Bleeding,Clotting, and Blood
62 Pericardial Diseases 1350 Component Abnormalities 1589
Jonathan N.Johnson and FrankCetta Therese M. Giglia and CharWitmer
63 InfectiveEndocarditis and
Prevention 1363
Michael Gewitz and Kathryn A.Taubert
viii Contents
76 Evaluation of Quality of Life in Children 78 Design, Execution, and Appraisal
and Adolescents with Congenital and of Clinical Trials 1636
Acquired Heart Disease 1608 Brian W McCrindle
Bradley S.Marino 79 Pharmacology 1661
77 Safety and Quality in the Heart Michael Artman and Gregory L.Kearns
Center 1622
Index I-I
Anthony Y Lee,Thomas Taghon, Richard Eugene McClead, Jr.,
Terrance Davis,and Richard J. Brilli
Michael J.Ackerman. MD. PhD,FACC H.ScottBaldwin, MD Michael M. Brook,MD
Windland Smith Rice Cardiovascular Professor ofPediatrics and Celland Professor of Clinical Pediatrics
Genomics Research Professor Developmental Biology Director, Pediatric and Congenital
Professor ofMedicine, Pediatrics, and Chief, Division ofPediatric Echocardiography
Pharmacology Cardiology University of California-San Francisco
Director, Long QT Syndrome/Genetic Co-Director ofthe Pediatric Heart BenioffChildren's Hospital
Heart Rhythm Clinic Institute SanFrancisco, California
Director, Windland Smith RiceSudden Vanderbilt Children's Hospital
Death Genomics Laboratory Nashville, Tennessee Julie A. Brothers,MD
Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Assistant Professor
Pharmacology and Experimental RobertH.Beekman, III, MD Department ofPediatrics
Therapeutics Professor Perelman SchoolofMedicine at the
Mayo Clinic Department ofPediatric University ofPennsylvania
Rochester, Minnesota Cardiology Medical Director, Lipid Heart Clinic
UniversityofCincinnatiCollegeof Division of Cardiology
HughD.Allen, MD, FACC,FAAP.FAHA Medicine The Children's Hospital ofPhiladelphia
Professor ofPediatrics (Cardiology) Professor Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Baylor CollegeofMedicine Heart Institute
StaffCardiologist Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical DavidW. Brown, MD
Texas Children's Hospital Center Assistant Professor
Houston, Texas Cincinnati, Ohio Department ofPediatrics
Harvard Medical School
Ahmad I.Alomari. MD, MSc Stuart Berger,MD Associate
Assistant Professor Professor ofPediatrics Department of Cardiology
Division ofVascular and Interventional The Medical CollegeofWisconsin Children's Hospital Boston
Radiology Medical Director ofthe Herma Heart Boston, Massachusetts
Children's Hospital Boston Center
Harvard Medical School Children's Hospital ofWisconsin Harold MacDonald Burkhart, MD
Boston, Massachusetts Milwaukee, Wisconsin Associate Professor of Surgery/
Cardiovascular Surgeon
Dean B.Andropoulos. MD Elizabeth D.Blume, MD Department of Cardiovascular Surgery
Professor ofAnesthesiology Associate Professor Mayo Clinic
Director, Pediatric Cardiovascular Department ofPediatrics Rochester, Minnesota
Anesthesia Harvard Medical School
Texas Children's Hospital Medical Director, Heart Failure and Allison K.Cabalka, MD, FACC,FASE,
Houston, Texas Transplant Program FSCAI
Department of Cardiology
Associate Professor ofPediatrics
Michael Artman, MD Children's Hospital, Boston
Division ofPediatric Cardiology
Chair Boston, Massachusetts Mayo Clinic
Department ofPediatrics Rochester, Minnesota
School ofMedicine lorenzo D.Botto,MD
University ofMissouri-Kansas City Professor ofPediatrics Bryan C.Cannon,MD
Joyce c. Hall Distinguished Professor Department ofPediatrics
Associate Professor
and Chair University ofUtah
Department ofPediatrics
Department ofPediatrics Attending Physician
Director
Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics Division ofMedical Genetics
Pediatric Arrhythmia and
Kansas City,Missouri Primary Children's Medical
Pacing Service
Center
Mayo Clinic
JosephAtallah, MD CM, MSc(Epi), SaltLake City,Utah
Rochester, Minnesota
FRCPC
Assistant Professor RichardJ. Brilli, MD Steven C.Cassidy.MD
Departments ofPediatrics and Public Professor
Associate Professor
Health Sciences Department ofPediatrics
Department ofPediatrics
University ofAlberta The Ohio StateUniversity Collegeof
Ohio StateUniversityCollegeof
Attending Staff Medicine
Medicine
Departments ofPediatrics and Medicine ChiefMedical Officer
Director, Inpatient Services
Stollery Children's Hospital and Univer- Hospital Administration
Heart Center
sityofAlberta Hospital Nationwide Children's Hospital
Nationwide Children's Hospital
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Columbus, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
ix