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/Aarine Biological Laboratory Library
Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Morphology of the Angiosperms
McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATIONS IN
THE BOTANICAL SCIENCES
Edmund W. Sinnott, Consultinci Editor
ARNOLD An Introduction to Paleobotany
CURTIS AND CLARK An Introduction to Plant Physiology
EAMES Morphology of the Angiosperms
EAMES Morphology of Vascular Plants: Lower Groups
EAMES AND MACDANiELS An Introduction to Plant Anatomy
HAUPT An Introduction to Botany
HAUPT Laboratory Manual of Elementary Botany
HAUPT Plant Morphology
HILL Economic Botany
HILL, OVERHOLTS, POPP, AND GROVE Botany
JOHANSEN Plant Microtechnique
KRAMER Plant and Soil Water Relationships
KRAMER AND KOZLOwsKi Phvsiology of Trees
LILLY AND BARNETT Physiologv of the Fungi
MAHESHWARi An Introduction to the Embryology of the Angiosperms
MILLER Plant Phvsiologv
POOL Flowers and Flowering Plants
SHARP Fundamentals of Cytology
SINNOTT Plant Moi-phogenesis
SINNOTT, DUNN, AND DOBZHANSKY Principles of Genetics
SINNOTT AND WILSON Botany: Principles and Problems
SMITH Cryptogamic Botany
Vol. I. Algae and Fungi
Vol. II. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
SMITH The Fresh-water Algae of the United States
SWINGLE Textbook of Systematic Botany
WEAVER AND CLEMENTS Plant Ecology
There are also the related series of McGraw-Hill Publications in the Zoological
Sciences, of which E. J. Boell is Gonsulting Editor, and in the Agricultural
Sciences, of which R. A. Brink is Consulting Editor.
"... Nee contentum exteriori rerum Naturae conspectu, intro-
spicare ....
Seneque"
(Probably a paraphrase from Seneca's "Questiones Naturales,"
the preface of Book I.)
Used by Van Tieghem on the title page of his "Recherches sur
la structure du pistil," Mem. Acad. Sci. France, 1875.
Two views of a primitive angiospemi Hower, Eupomatia bennettii: from below, show-
ing stamens below the pseudoperianth; and from above, showing pseudoperianth
covering the gynoecium and bearing food bodies, clearly seen on edges of blades.
MORPHOLOGY
ANGIOSPERMS
of the
Arthur J, Eames
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, EMERITUS
CORNELL UNIVERSITY
McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC.
New York Toronto London 1961
MORPHOLOGY OF THE ANGIOSPERMS
©
Copyright 1961 by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Printed
in the United States of America. All rights reserved. This book, or
parts thereof, may not be reproduced in anv form without permission
of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 60-15757
III
18725
THE MAPLE PRESS COMPANY, YORK, PA.
Preface
Progress in the understanding of the morphology of the angiosperms
has been rapid in the twentieth century; much new factual information
has been obtained and many conceptions and interpretations have been
changed. These changes have been brought about by the studies of many
botanists scat—tered throughout the world in the several fields of moi—-pho-
logical study descriptive, comparative, anatomical, ontogenetic and
these botanists have often brought to bear on their conclusions evi-
—
dence from the allied botanical fields taxonomy, cytology, paleobotany,
serology, plant geography, palynology. The trend toward the use of a
broader basis for the drawing of conclusions and for the proposal of new
theories is apparent. At the end of the nineteenth century, Celakovsky
emphasized the necessity for using "all evidence" in the interpretation
of structure and in drawing phylogenetic conclusions; in the twentieth
century, the need for a broad base for all interpretations has been re-
peated by I. W. Bailey and many others. The importance of this empha-
sis is being slowly recognized.
This book has been prepared to bring together, in some measure,
the results of these many scattered studies for the use especially of
advanced students and teachers. It reviews much of the new factual
material and many of the theories, old and new, related to the morphol-
ogy and phylogeny of the angiosperms. Limitations in size of the book
have restricted detailed descriptions and discussions of hypotheses, but
the author believes that the important aspects of description and hy-
pothesis are covered. In the manuscript, the names of plants that serve
as examples are placed at the end of the sentence, set apart by a dash.
The taxa cited are not necessarily the only examples.
The viewpoint of the treatment is that of comparative rather than
descriptive morphology, with emphasis on evolutionary modifications and
phyletic implications. Velenovsky placed on the front page of his excel-
lent textbook, "Vergleichende Morphologic," (1905-1913), these sen-
—
tences as a maxim: "Zur morphologische Losung werden wir wie immer
—die vergleichende Methode in Anwendung bringen. Auf diese Wage
vu
