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Morphological Length and Prosodically
Defective Morphemes
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OXFORD STUDIES IN PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS
general editors:
AndrewNevins,UniversityCollegeLondon,KerenRice,UniversityofToronto
advisory editors:StuartDavis,IndianaUniversity,HeatherGoad,McGillUniversity,
CarlosGussenhoven,RadboudUniversity,HaruoKubozono,NationalInstituteforJapanese
LanguageandLinguistics,Sun-AhJun,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,Maria-Rosa
Lloret, Universitat de Barcelona, Douglas Pulleyblank, University of British Columbia,
RachidRidouane,LaboratoiredePhonétiqueetPhonologie,Paris,RachelWalker,University
ofSouthernCalifornia
published
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MorphologicalLengthandProsodicallyDefectiveMorphemes
EvaZimmermann
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ThePhoneticsandPhonologyofGeminateConsonants
EditedbyHaruoKubozono
in preparation
PhonologicalSpecificationandInterfaceInterpretation
EditedbyBertBotmaandMarcvanOostendorp
TheStructureofNasal-StopInventories
EduardoPiñeros
SpeechTiming
ImplicationsforTheoriesofPhonology,SpeechProduction,andSpeechMotorControl
AliceTurkandStefanieShattuck-Hufnagel
PhonologicalTemplatesinDevelopment
MarilynVihman
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OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,27/2/2017,SPi
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Morphological Length
and Prosodically
Defective Morphemes
EVA ZIMMERMANN
1
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Contents
Seriespreface ix
Acknowledgements x
Listofglosses,abbreviations,andsymbols xi
Introduction
. MorphologicalLength-Manipulation
.. AdditiveMLM
.. SubtractiveMLM
.. Adefinitionofthephenomenon
. MLMasachallengefortheoreticalaccounts
. Structureofthebook
ThetheoryofProsodicallyDefectiveMorphemes
. Previousaccounts:MLMasanepiphenomenon
.. Moraaffixation
.. Syllableandfootaffixation
.. Subtractionbyaffixation?
.. Lackofprosodicnodesintheinput
.. Summary:previousaccounts
. ThetheoreticalframeworkofPDM
.. Avant:prosodicstructureandRichnessoftheBase
.. Containment
.. Morphologicalcolours
.. ExcursusI:opaquemoraprojectionandcolouredcontainment
.. ExcursusII:copyingasphonologicalrepairoperation
.. Thelinearizationofmorphemicprosodicnodes
.. Puttingthepiecestogether:thepredictionsofPDM
SubtractiveMLMandProsodicallyDefectiveMorphemes
. Morausurpation
.. VoweldeletioninYine
.. VowelshorteninginHuallagaQuechua
.. DegeminationinWolof
.. VowelshorteningordeletioninHungarian
.. Summary:morausurpation
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vi Contents
. Defectiveintegrationofmorphemicprosodicnodes
.. Defectivemoraintegration
... VoweldeletioninMauritianCreoleandModernHebrew
... ConsonantdeletioninCanelaKrahôandMebengokre
... VowelshorteninginMam
... VowelshorteningandlengthpolarityinAnywa
... Summary:defectivemoraintegration
.. Defectivesyllableintegration
... ConsonantdeletioninTohonoO’odham
... Multi-segmentdeletioninMurleandAlabama
... SegmentshorteninginHausaandKorean
... ShorteningordeletioninHidatsaandLomongo
... Summary:defectivesyllableintegration
.. Coexistenceofdefectivemora-andsyllable-integration:Murle
. LearningPDM
. Summary:subtractiveMLMandPDM
ProsodicallyDefectiveMorphemesandblocking
. Exceptionalnon-undergoers
.. Exceptionalnon-lengtheninginDhaasanac
.. Exceptionalnon-deletioninYine
.. Exceptionalnon-deletionandnon-shorteninginHungarian
. TherescuermorphemeinAymara
.. MLMinAymara
.. AnanalysisbasedonPDMforMuylaq’Aymara
.. Aninsightfulcomparison:LaPazAymara
.. Summary:therescuermorphemeinAymara
. LexicalallomorphyinAlabama
. Factorialtypology
. Generalsummary:PDMandblocking
Morphemecontiguity
. Linearcontiguityacrossprosodictiers
.. BlockingofvowellengtheninginBukusu
.. AllomorphyinAsanteTwi
. Verticalcontiguity:vowelsandmoras
.. Introduction:certain-vs.all-vowel-lengtheninggrammars
.. Certain-vowel-lengtheninglanguages
... ExceptionstomorphologicallengtheninginDiegueño
... ShortepentheticvowelsinArbizuBasque
... Shortepenthetic/underlyingvowelsinLardil
... DoublelengtheninginLaPazAymara
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Contents vii
.. All-vowel-lengtheninglanguages
... LongepentheticvowelsinSouthernSierraMiwok
... LongepentheticvowelsinCzech
... Longepenthetic/underlyingvowelsinGuajiro
... LongepentheticvowelsinHuallagaQuechua
.. Longepentheticvowelsasasevereopacityproblem
.. Summary:verticalcontiguityforvowelsandmoras
. Verticalcontiguity:feetandsegments
.. Non-concatenativeallomorphyinUpriverHalkomelem
... Stressoverwriting
... Footaffixationinthecontinuative
... Thechoiceforoneofthefourallomorphs
... Stemswithoutunderlyingstress
... Summary:non-concatenativeallomorphyinUpriver
Halkomelem
.. Non-concatenativeallomorphyinRotuman
.. Thelengtheninggrade(s)inChoctaw
. Generalsummary:morphemecontiguity
ThecompleteempiricalpictureofMLMandthelinearizationofmorphemes
. (Un)attestedpatternsofMLM
.. ArepresentativedatasampleforMLM
.. AdditiveMLMpatterns:empiricalgeneralizations
.. SubtractiveMLMpatterns:empiricalgeneralizations
. Linearizationofaffixes:possiblepatternsofMLM
.. AdditiveMLMatthebaseedge
.. SubtractiveMLMatthebaseedge
.. ‘Infixing’additiveMLMpatterns
.. Multiplemorphemicprosodicnodes
... DoublelengtheninginLeggbo
... LengtheningandcopyinginOromo
... LengtheningandcopyinginBalangao
... CopyingandlengtheningatdifferentedgesinMarshallese
... Summary:multiplemorphemicprosodicnodes
.. Excludednon-localMLMpatterns
Acriticalreviewofalternativeaccounts
. AlternativeaccountstoMLM
.. TransderivationalAntifaithfulnessTheory
.. RealizeMorpheme
.. CophonologyTheory
.. Morpheme-specificconstraints
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viii Contents
. AlternativeaccountsandtheAymararescuermorpheme
.. RealizeMorpheme
.. TransderivationalAntifaithfulness
.. CophonologyTheory
.. Morpheme-specificconstraints
.. Summary:alternativeaccountsofAymara
. AllomorphyinUpriverHalkomelem
.. RealizeMorpheme
.. TAF,CT,andLIC
.. Summary:allomorphyinUpriverHalkomelem
. Longepentheticvowelsasanopacityproblem
.. TAF,CT,LIC,andRM
.. Summary:longepentheticvowelsasanopacityproblem
. Overgenerationproblems
.. Non-localMLM
.. Differentedgeallomorphy
. Summaryanddiscussion
Conclusion
References
Languageindex
Subjectindex
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Series preface
OxfordStudiesinPhonologyandPhoneticsprovidesaplatformfororiginalresearch
on sound structure in natural language within contemporary phonological theory
and related areas of inquiry such as phonetic theory, morphological theory, the
architectureofthegrammar,andcognitivescience.Contributorsareencouragedto
present their work in the context of contemporary theoretical issues in a manner
accessibletoarangeofpeople,includingphonologists,phoneticians,morphologists,
psycholinguists, and cognitive scientists. Manuscripts should include a wealth of
empiricalexamples,whererelevant,andmakefulluseofthepossibilitiesfordigital
mediathatcanbeleveragedonacompanionwebsitewithaccesstomaterialssuchas
soundfiles,videos,extendeddatabases,andsoftware.
ThisisacompanionseriestoOxfordSurveysinPhonologyandPhonetics,which
provides critical overviews of the major approaches to research topics of current
interest, a discussion of their relative value, and an assessment of what degree of
consensusexistsaboutanyoneofthem.TheStudiesserieswillequallyseektocombine
empirical phenomena with theoretical frameworks, but its authors will propose an
originallineofargumentation,oftenastheinceptionorculminationofanongoing
originalresearchprogramme.
Inthisbook,EvaZimmermaninvestigatesaphenomenonknownasmorphological
length manipulation, or instances where segmental length alternations (e.g. vowel
shorteningorlengthening)relyonmorphologicalinformation.Sheproposesthatall
morphologicalderivationisatitsrootadditive.WritinginthetheoryofProsodically
Defective Morphemes, Zimmermann ably demonstrates how to derive apparently
non-concatenative morphology from the affixation of prosodically defective mor-
phemes.Shefurtherextendstheproposaltosubtractivelengthmanipulation,where
the prosodically defective integration of morphemes can result in non-realization
of underlying phonological elements when they ‘usurp’ a prosodic node from their
basethattheylackunderlyingly.Allvariationinsuchpatternsthusderivesfromthe
underlyingprosodicstructureofdefectivemorphemesandconstraintsthatregulate
theirintegration.Thistimelymonographprovidesalargedatasetoflength-alternation
phenomenathatistypologicallybalancedandrepresentative.Zimmermann’selegant
approachdoesjusticetothecomplexityofthetopicandprovidesasolidfoundation
forresearcherswhoareinterestedinexploringthiscentralaspectofthephonology-
morphologyinterface.
AndrewNevins
KerenRice
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