morphological, anatomical and biochemical evaluation of tree species for air pollution tolerance

158 Pages·2017·5.9 MB·English

MORPHOLOGICAL, ANATOMICAL AND
BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF TREE SPECIES
FOR AIR POLLUTION TOLER ANCE AND
LANDSCAPE USE

Dissertation

Submitted to the Punjab Agricultural University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in
FLORICULTURE AND LANDSCAPING
(Minor Subject: Botany)

By

Ramandeep Kaur
(L-2014-A-33-D)

Department of Floriculture and Landscaping

College of Agriculture
 PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
LUDHIANA - 141004

2018
CERTIFICATE I
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled, “Morphological, anatomical and
biochemical evaluation of tree species for air pollution tolerance and landscape use”
submitted for the degree of Ph.D., in the subject of Horticulture (Floriculture and
Landscaping) (Minor subject: Botany) of the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, is a
bonafide research work carried out by Ms. Ramandeep Kaur (L-2014-A-33-D) under my
supervision and that no part of this dissertation has been submitted for any other degree.
The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully
acknowledged.

______________________
Major Advisor
Dr H. S. Grewal
Senior Agronomist (Pulses)
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Punjab Agricultural University
Ludhiana-141004
CERTIFICATE II
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled, “Morphological, anatomical and
biochemical evaluation of tree species for air pollution tolerance and landscape use”
submitted by Ms. Ramandeep Kaur (L-2014-A-33-D) to the Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D., in the subject of
Horticulture (Floriculture and Landscaping) (Minor subject: Botany) has been approved by
the student‟s Advisory Committee after an oral examination on the same.

____________________ ________________________
(Dr. H. S. Grewal) Dr. Y. C. Gupta
Major Advisor (External Examiner)
Professor and Head
Department Floriculture and
Landscaping Architecture
Dr. Y S Parmar University of
Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni,
Solan (HP)

___________________
(Dr. H. S. Grewal)
Head of the Department

________________________
(Dr. Gurinder Kaur Sangha)
Dean Postgraduate Studies
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I offer my humble thanks with folded hands and bowed head to the
Waheguru Ji for his grace, kindness and blessings due to which I have been
able to accomplish this important task of my life.
I feel privileged to express my deep sense of gratitude and respect
towards my major advisor Dr H. S. Grewal, Senior Floriculturist and Head,
Department of Floriculture and Landscaping for his judicious guidance,
valuable suggestions and supervision throughout the research work. His
association and untiring efforts helped me in completing the degree
programme and this study in time.
My profound respect and sincere thanks are extended to
Dr Parminder Singh, Associate Professor of Floriculture, Department of
Floriculture and landscaping, Dr Parmpal Singh Gill, Horticulturist,
Department of Fruit Science, Dr (Mrs.) Nirmaljit Kaur, Senior Botanist,
Department of Botany and Dr (Mrs.) K. K. Dhatt, Senior Floriculturist
(Dean PGS nominee), Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, the
members of my advisory committee for their valuable help, critical appraisal
and timely support. I am indeed grateful to Dr Ranjit Singh, Dr Brij Mohan
Bhardwaj and all the other teachers for lending a helpful hand during my
investigations and writing this manuscript.
The words are too little to express my respect to my parents S. Avtar
Singh and Sdn. Harminder Kaur and brother Parasdeep Singh for their
encouragement and ever willing help throughout my life.
I acknowledge thanks to my friends Lakhbir, Sarvpriya, Harpreet,
Navneet, Navneet didi, Jaskiran, Mandeep, Prabh and Jashan for the moral
support and encouragement they have rendered to me to make things much
smoother during the course of research work.
My sincere thanks are due to the farm staff and workers of the
Department of Floriculture and Landscaping for their encouragement and
cooperation.
I feel proud to be a part of PAU, Ludhiana from where I learnt a lot
and experienced some unforgettable moments of my life.

Place:
Date: (Ramandeep Kaur)
Title of the Thesis : “Morphological, anatomical and biochemical
evaluation of tree species for air pollution tolerance
and landscape use”
Name of the Student and : Ramandeep Kaur
Admission No. (L-2014-A-33-D)
Major Subject : Floriculture and Landscaping
Minor Subject : Botany
Name and Designation of : Dr. H. S. Grewal
Major Advisor Senior Floriculturist
Degree to be awarded : Ph. D
Year of award of Degree : 2018
Total Pages in Thesis : 100+Annexure+Vita
Name of the University : Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004,
Punjab, India

ABSTRACT
The present investigations entitled “Morphological, anatomical and biochemical
evaluation of tree species for air pollution tolerance and landscape use” were carried out at
Research Farm of the Department Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana and different locations identified in the Ludhiana city during 2015-2018. The objectives
were to study the (i) morphological characteristics and growth index of different tree species, (ii)
the Air Pollution Tolerance Index of trees, and (iii) categorization the tree species for landscape
use. The maximum seed germination was recorded in Koelreuteria paniculata (93.21%), however,
the maximum plant height (148.35 cm), shoot length (53.30 cm), leaf area (4514.03 cm-2/plant),
stem diameter (15.05 cm) and growth index (5.63) were recorded in Delonix regia. The minimum
seed germination and leaf area growth index (25.66%, 403.22 cm-2/plant and 1.74, respectively)
were recorded in Tecomella undulata, however, the minimum plant height (47.67 cm) was
recorded in Aegle marmelos, shoot length (23.39 cm) in Lagerstroemia paniculata and stem
diameter (6.68 cm) in Azadirachta indica. The maximum average leaf length (32.54 cm and 32.57
cm), leaf width (20.44 cm and 20.57 cm) and petiole length (7.84 cm and 7.85 cm), irrespective of
trees, were recorded in PAU campus, whereas, the minimum was in the industrial site during year
2015-16 and 2016-17, respectively. The stomatal density was recorded maximum (91.30 and
91.79 µm-2) at PAU campus and minimum (66.68 µm-2 and 66.95 µm-2) in the industrial site,
whereas, stomatal pore width was recorded the maximum (3.57 µm and 3.59 µm) at PAU campus,
whereas, the minimum (2.30 µm and 2.29 µm) was in the industrial site, during year 2015-16 and
2016-17, respectively. The average heavy metal contents range, i.e. lead (6.04 to 60.66 mg/g),
nickel (7.15 to 22.35 mg/g), cadmium (0.08 to 0.40 mg/g) and chromium (7.49 to 16.21 mg/g),
was observed in different tree species in the PAU campus and industrial site, respectively. The
total chlorophyll content (0.54 to 4.87 mg/g), pH of leaf extract (5.27 to 6.68), relative leaf water
content (79.70 to 93.50 per cent), ascorbic acid content (1.35 to 5.72 mg/g), total phenol content
(5.70 to 10.15 mg/g), carotenoid content (1.10 to 0.69 mg/g) and total sugar (21.62 to 15.42 mg/g)
was observed in different tree species. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) was observed
maximum in C. fistula at Punjab Agricultural university campus and in C. tabularis at residential
and industrial site followed by A. indica, F. religiosa, M. azedarach, T. arjuna and A. scholaris. C.
tabularis categorized as excellent and C. fistula as very good tree species for urban landscape use.

Keywords: Air Pollution Tolerance index, heavy metal, stomatal density

_______________________ _____________________
Signature of Major Advisor Signature of the Student
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CONTENTS

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.
I INTRODUCTION 1-4
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5-24
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 25-33
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 34-84
V SUMMARY 85-87
REFERENCES 88-100
ANNEXURE
SUBMITTED/ PUBLISHED/ ACCEPTED RESEARCH
PAPERS
VITA
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
No. No.
3.1(a) Gradation of plant species on the basis of air pollution tolerance index 33
(APTI) and other biological and socioeconomic characters
3.1(b) Rating used for anticipated performance index of plant species 33
4.1.1 Leaf area of selected seed grown tree species during period of 2016-17 39
and 2017-18
4.1.2 Time of leaf drop and leaf bud emergence of different tree species 42
during period of 2016-17 and 2017-18
4.1.3 Growth index of different tree species for two year of continuous growth 43
4.2.1 Leaf type, leaf margin type and surface texture of leaf of different tree 45
species growing at PAU campus, residential site and industrial site in
Ludhiana
4.2.2 Leaf length, width and petiole length of leaf of different tree species 46
growing at PAU campus, residential site and industrial site in
Ludhiana
4.2.3 Time of leaf drop, leaf bud emergence and flowering of different tree 49
species growing at PAU campus, residential site and industrial site in
Ludhiana
4.2.4 Stomata density (µm-2) of leaf of different tree species growing at 51
PAU campus, residential site and industrial site in Ludhiana
4.2.5 Stomata pore width (µm) of leaf of different tree species growing at 53
PAU campus, residential site and industrial site in Ludhiana
4.2.6 Stomata shape and type of different tree species growing at PAU 55
campus, residential site and industrial site in Ludhiana
4.2.7a Lead content (mg/kg) in leaf of different tree species growing at PAU 56
campus, residential site and industrial site in Ludhiana
4.2.7b Nickel content (mg/kg) in leaf of the different tree species growing in 58
PAU campus, residential site and industrial site at Ludhiana
4.2.7c Cadmium content (mg/kg) in leaf of the different tree species growing 60
in PAU campus, residential site and industrial site at Ludhiana
4.2.7d Chromium content (mg/kg) in the different tree species growing in 62
PAU campus, residential site and industrial site at Ludhiana
4.2.8a Biochemical analysis for Air Pollution Tolerance Index of tree species 70
in PAU campus at Ludhiana
4.2.8b Biochemical analysis for Air Pollution Tolerance Index of tree species 72
in residential site at Ludhiana
4.2.8c Biochemical analysis for Air Pollution Tolerance Index of tree species 74
in industrial site at Ludhiana
4.2.9 Total phenol content (mg/g) in leaf of the different tree species 78
growing in PAU campus, residential site and industrial site at
Ludhiana
4.2.10 Carotenoid content (mg/g) in leaf of the different tree species growing 80
in PAU campus, residential site and industrial site at Ludhiana
4.2.11 Total soluble sugar content (mg/g) in leaf of the different tree species 82
growing in PAU campus, residential site and industrial site at
Ludhiana
4.2.12 Gradation of plant species on the basis of air pollution tolerance index 84
(APTI) and other biological and socioeconomic characters
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
No. No.
4.1.1 Germination percentage of different tree species 34
4.1.2 Plant height (cm) of different tree species during year 2016-17 and 2017-18 36
4.1.3 Shoot length (cm) of different tree species during 2016-17 and 2017-18 37
4.1.4 Stem diameter of different tree species during 2016-17 and 2017-18 41
4.2.1 Biochemical analysis for APTI of tree species in PAU Campus site at Ludhiana 71
4.2.2 Biochemical analysis for APTI of tree species in residential site at Ludhiana 73
4.2.3 Biochemical analysis for APTI of tree species in industrial site at Ludhiana 75
4.2.4 Air Pollution Tolerance Index of different tree species at different location in 76
Ludhiana