Morphing Aerospace Vehicles and Structures

296 Pages·2012·5.3 MB·English

by  John Valasek

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JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono
MORPHING
AEROSPACE VEHICLES
AND STRUCTURES
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JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono
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JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono
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P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC
JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono
MORPHING
AEROSPACE VEHICLES
AND STRUCTURES
Editedby
JohnValasek
AerospaceEngineeringDepartment
TexasA&MUniversity
USA
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC
JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono
Thiseditionfirstpublished2012
©2012,JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Morphingaerospacevehiclesandstructures/editedbyJohnValasek.
p.cm.–(AIAAprogressseries)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-97286-1(cloth)–ISBN978-1-60086-903-7
1.Aerospaceengineering. 2.Wing-warping(Aerodynamics) 3.Airplanes–Designandconstruction.
4.Airplanes–Wings–Designandconstruction. I.Valasek,John. II.AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsand
Astronautics.
TL565.M672012
629.1(cid:2)2–dc23
2011045495
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:978-0-470-97286-1
Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
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JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono
Contents
ListofContributors xiii
Foreword xv
SeriesPreface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
1 Introduction 1
JohnValasek
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 TheEarlyYears:Bio-Inspiration 2
1.3 TheMiddleYears:VariableGeometry 5
1.4 TheLaterYears:AReturntoBio-Inspiration 9
1.5 Conclusion 10
References 10
Part I BIO-INSPIRATION
2 WingMorphinginInsects,BirdsandBats:MechanismandFunction 13
GrahamK.Taylor,AnnaC.Carruthers,TatjanaY.Hubel,andSimonM.Walker
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Insects 14
2.2.1 WingStructureandMechanism 15
2.2.2 GrossWingMorphing 18
2.3 Birds 25
2.3.1 WingStructureandMechanism 25
2.3.2 GrossWingMorphing 28
2.3.3 LocalFeatherDeflections 30
2.4 Bats 32
2.4.1 WingStructureandMechanism 33
2.4.2 GrossWingMorphing 35
2.5 Conclusion 37
Acknowledgements 37
References 38
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viii Contents
3 Bio-InspirationofMorphingforMicroAirVehicles 41
GreggAbateandWeiShyy
3.1 MicroAirVehicles 41
3.2 MAVDesignConcepts 43
3.3 TechnicalChallengesforMAVs 46
3.4 FlightCharacteristicsofMAVsandNAVs 47
3.5 Bio-InspiredMorphingConceptsforMAVs 48
3.5.1 WingPlanform 50
3.5.2 AirfoilShape 50
3.5.3 TailModulation 50
3.5.4 CGShifting 50
3.5.5 FlappingModulation 51
3.6 OutlookforMorphingattheMAV/NAVscale 51
3.7 FutureChallenges 51
3.8 Conclusion 53
References 53
Part II CONTROLANDDYNAMICS
4 MorphingUnmannedAirVehicleIntelligentShapeand
FlightControl 57
JohnValasek,KentonKirkpatrick,andAmandaLampton
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 A-RLCArchitectureFunctionality 58
4.3 LearningAirVehicleShapeChanges 59
4.3.1 OverviewofReinforcementLearning 59
4.3.2 ImplementationofShapeChangeLearningAgent 62
4.4 MathematicalModelingofMorphingAirVehicle 63
4.4.1 AerodynamicModeling 63
4.4.2 ConstitutiveEquations 64
4.4.3 ModelGrid 67
4.4.4 DynamicalModeling 68
4.4.5 ReferenceTrajectory 71
4.4.6 ShapeMemoryAlloyActuatorDynamics 71
4.4.7 ControlEffectorsonMorphingWing 73
4.5 MorphingControlLaw 73
4.5.1 StructuredAdaptiveModelInversion(SAMI)ControlforAttitude
Control 73
4.5.2 UpdateLaws 76
4.5.3 StabilityAnalysis 77
4.6 NumericalExamples 77
4.6.1 PurposeandScope 77
4.6.2 Example1:LearningNewMajorGoals 77
4.6.3 Example2:LearningNewIntermediateGoals 80
4.7 Conclusions 84
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Contents ix
Acknowledgments 84
References 84
5 ModelingandSimulationofMorphingWingAircraft 87
BornaObradovicandKameshSubbarao
5.1 Introduction 87
5.1.1 Gull-WingAircraft 87
5.2 ModelingofAerodynamicswithMorphing 88
5.2.1 Vortex-LatticeAerodynamicsforMorphing 90
5.2.2 CalculationofForcesandMoments 92
5.2.3 EffectofGull-WingMorphingonAerodynamics 92
5.3 ModelingofFlightDynamicswithMorphing 93
5.3.1 OverviewofStandardApproaches 93
5.3.2 ExtendedRigid-BodyDynamics 97
5.3.3 ModelingofMorphing 100
5.4 ActuatorMomentsandPower 105
5.5 Open-LoopManeuversandEffectsofMorphing 109
5.5.1 LongitudinalManeuvers 109
5.5.2 TurnManeuvers 114
5.6 ControlofGull-WingAircraftusingMorphing 118
5.6.1 Power-OptimalStabilityAugmentationSystemusingMorphing 119
5.7 Conclusion 123
Appendix 123
References 124
6 FlightDynamicsModelingofAvian-InspiredAircraft 127
JaredGrauerandJamesHubbardJr
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 UniqueCharacteristicsofFlappingFlight 129
6.2.1 ExperimentalResearchFlightPlatform 129
6.2.2 UnsteadyAerodynamics 130
6.2.3 Configuration-DependentMassDistribution 131
6.2.4 NonlinearFlightMotions 131
6.3 VehicleEquationsofMotion 134
6.3.1 ConventionalModelsforAerospaceVehicles 134
6.3.2 MultibodyModelConfiguration 136
6.3.3 Kinematics 138
6.3.4 Dynamics 138
6.4 SystemIdentification 140
6.4.1 CoupledActuatorModels 141
6.4.2 TailAerodynamics 143
6.4.3 WingAerodynamics 143
6.5 SimulationandFeedbackControl 144
6.6 Conclusion 148
References 148
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x Contents
7 FlightDynamicsofMorphingAircraftwithTime-VaryingInertias 151
DanielT.Grant,StephenSorley,AnimeshChakravarthy,and
RickLind
7.1 Introduction 151
7.2 Aircraft 152
7.2.1 Design 152
7.2.2 Modeling 154
7.3 EquationsofMotion 156
7.3.1 Body-AxisStates 156
7.3.2 InfluenceofTime-VaryingInertias 157
7.3.3 NonlinearEquationsforMoment 157
7.3.4 LinearizedEquationsforMoment 159
7.3.5 FlightDynamics 161
7.4 Time-VaryingPoles 162
7.4.1 Definition 162
7.4.2 Discussion 164
7.4.3 ModalInterpretation 164
7.5 FlightDynamicswithTime-VaryingMorphing 166
7.5.1 Morphing 166
7.5.2 Model 166
7.5.3 Poles 168
7.5.4 ModalInterpretation 171
References 174
8 OptimalTrajectoryControlofMorphingAircraftin
PerchingManeuvers 177
AdamM.WickenheiserandEphrahimGarcia
8.1 Introduction 177
8.2 AircraftDescription 179
8.3 VehicleEquationsofMotion 181
8.4 Aerodynamics 185
8.5 TrajectoryOptimizationforPerching 191
8.6 OptimizationResults 196
8.7 Conclusions 202
References 202
Part III SMARTMATERIALSANDSTRUCTURES
9 MorphingSmartMaterialActuatorControlUsingReinforcement
Learning 207
KentonKirkpatrickandJohnValasek
9.1 IntroductiontoSmartMaterials 207
9.1.1 Piezoelectrics 208
9.1.2 ShapeMemoryAlloys 208
9.1.3 ChallengesinControllingShapeMemoryAlloys 209