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A
CELEBRATION
OF PHYSICS
AT THE MILLENNIUM
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
BENJAMIN BEDERSON
EDITOR.
A
CELEBRATION
OF PHYSICS
AT THE
MILLENNIUM
, Springer APS
The American Physical Society
Benjamin Bederson
Department of Physics
New York University
New York, NY 10003
USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
More things in heaven and earth : a celebration of physics
at the millennium / edited by Ben Bederson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-4612-7174-1 ISBN 978-1-4612-1512-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-1512-7
1. Physics-History-2Oth century. 2. Astrophysics-History-2Oth century.
1. Bederson, Benjamin. II. Title: A celebration of physics at the millennium.
QC7.M568 1999 09-53116
530' .09 '04---dc2 1 CIP
Printed on acid-free paper.
©1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1999
Ali rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the wrilten permission
of The American Physical Society, One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, USA, except for brief
excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection wilh any form of informalion
slorage and retrieval, electronic ada plaI ion, compuler software, or by similar or dissimilar melhodology now
known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use of general descriplive names, Irade names, Irademarks, elc., in this publicalion, even if Ihe former are
noI especially identified, is noI 10 be laken as a sign Ihal such names, as underslood by Ihe Trade Marks and
Merchandise Marks AcI, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Production managed by MaryAnn Coltone; manufacluring supervised by Nancy Wu.
Photocomposed pages prepared by American Inslitule of Physics, Woodbury, NY.
9 8 765 4 3 2 1
ISBN 978-1-4612-7174-1 SPIN 10697621
Contents
IX Contributors
xv Foreword
Martin Blume
XVll Preface
Benjamin Bederson
xxi Introduction
Hans A. Bethe
Historic Perspectives-Personal Essays on Historic Developments
3 Quantum Theory
Hans A. Bethe
12 Nuclear Physics
Hans A. Bethe
29 Theoretical Particle Physics
A. Pais
43 Elementary Particle Physics: The Origins
Val L. Fitch
56 Astrophysics
George Field
69 A Century of Relativity
Irwin I. Shapiro
89 From Radar to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Robert V. Pound
96 An Essay on Condensed Matter Physics in the Twentieth Century
W. Kohn
129 A Short History of Atomic Physics in the Twentieth Century
Daniel Kleppner
Particle Physics and Related Topics
143 Quantum Field Theory
Frank Wilczek
161 The Standard Model of Particle Physics
Mary K. Gaillard, Paul D. Grannis, and Frank J. Sciulli
vi CONTENTS
188 String Theory, Supersymmetry, Unification, and All That
John H. Schwarz and Nathan Seiberg
203 Accelerators and Detectors
W. K. H. Panofsky and M. Breidenbach
223 Anomalous g Values of the Electron and Muon
V. W. Hughes and T. Kinoshita
234 Neutrino Physics
L. Wolfenstein
Astrophysics
245 Cosmology at The Millennium
Michael S. Turner and J. Anthony Tyson
278 Cosmic Rays: The Most Energetic Particles in the Universe
James W. Cronin
291 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Lyman Page and David Wilkinson
302 Black Holes
Gary T. Horowitz and Saul A. Teukolsky
313 Gravitational Radiation
Rainer Weiss
329 Deciphering the Nature of Dark Matter
Bernard Sadoulet
Nuclear Physics
345 Nuclear Physics at the End of the Century
E. M. Henley and J. P. Schiffer
370 Stellar Nucleosynthesis
Edwin E. Salpeter
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
377 Atomic Physics
Sheldon Datz, G. W. F. Drake, T. F. Gallagher, H. Kleinpoppen, and
G. zU Putlitz
408 Laser Spectroscopy and Quantum Optics
T. W. Hansch and H. Walther
426 Atom Cooling, Trapping, and Quantum Manipulation
Carl E. Wieman, David E. Pritchard, and David J. Wineland
442 Laser Physics: Quantum Controversy in Action
W. E. Lamb, W. P. Schleich, M. O. Scully, and C. H. Townes
CONTENTS vii
460 Quantum Effects in One-Photon and Two-Photon Interference
L. Mandel
474 From Nanosecond to Femtosecond Science
N. Bloembergen
482 Experiment and Foundations of Quantum Physics
Anton Zeilinger
Condensed Matter Physics
501 The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect
Horst L. Stormer, Daniel C. Tsui, and Arthur C. Gossard
515 Conductance Viewed as Transmission
Yoseph lmry and Rolf Landauer
526 Superconductivity
J. R. Schrieffer and M. Tinkham
534 Superfluidity
A. J. Leggett
543 In Touch with Atoms
G. Binnig and H. Rohrer
555 Materials Physics
P. Chaudhari and M. S. Dresselhaus
563 The Invention of the Transistor
Michael Riordan, Lillian Hoddeson, and Conyers Herring
Statistical Physics and Fluids
581 Statistical Mechanics: A Selective Review of Two Central Issues
Joel L. Lebowitz
601 Scaling, Universality, and Renormalization: Three Pillars of Modern
Critical Phenomena
H. Eugene Stanley
617 Insights from Soft Condensed Matter
Thomas A. Witten
629 Granular Matter: A Tentative View
P. G. de Gennes
644 Fluid Turbulence
Katepalli R. Sreenivasan
665 Pattern Formation in Nonequilibrium Physics
J. P. Gollub and J. S. Langer
viii CONTENTS
Plasma Physics
679 The Collisionless Nature of High-Temperature Plasmas
T. M. O'Neil and F. V. Coron;t;
Chemical Physics and Biological Physics
693 Chemical Physics: Molecular Clouds, Clusters, and Corrals
Dudley Herschbach
706 Biological Physics
Hans Frauenfelder, Peter G. Wolynes, and Robert H. Austin
726 Brain, Neural Networks, and Computation
J. J. Hopfield
Computational Physics
741 Microscopic Simulations in Physics
D. M. Ceperley
Applications of Physics to Other Areas
755 Physics and Applications of Medical Imaging
William R. Hendee
767 Nuclear Fission Reactors
Charles E. Till
775 Nuclear Power-Fusion
T. Kenneth Fowler
781 Physics and U.S. National Security
Sidney D. Drell
798 Laser Technology
R. E. Slusher
812 Physics and the Communications Industry
W. F. Brinkman and D. V. lAng
827 Index
Contributors
Robert H. Austin Ferdinand V. Coroniti
Department of Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy
Princeton University University of California
Princeton. New Jersey 08544 Los Angeles. California 90095
James W. Cronin
Hans A. Bethe
Enrico Fermi Instiute
Floyd R. Newman Laboratory
University of Chicago
of Nuclear Studies
Chicago. Illinois 60637
Cornell University
Ithaca. New York 14853
Sheldon Datz
Atomic Physics Division
Gerd K. Binnig
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
IBM Research Division Oak Ridge. Tennessee 37831
Zurich Research Laboratory
Siiumerstrasse 4
Pierre Giles de Gennes
8803 RiLschlikon. Switzerland
Col/ege de France
Physique de la Matiere Condensee
Nicolaas Bloembergen 75231 Paris Cedex 05
Department of Physics France
Harvard University
Cambridge. Massachusetts 02138 Gordon W. F. Drake
Department of Physics
Martin Breidenbach University of Windsor
Windsor. Ontario
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
Canada
Stanford University
Stanford. California 94305
Sidney D. DreU
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
William F. Brinkman
Stanford University
Physical Sciences Research Stanford. California 94309
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Lucent Technologies
Mildred S. Dresselhaus
Murray Hill. New Jersey 07974
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge. Massachusetts 02139
David M. Ceperley
National Center for Superconducting George B. Field
Applications
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
University of Illinois
Cambridge. Massachusetts 02138
Urbana. Illinois 6/801
Val L. Fitch
Praveen Chaudhari Department of Physics
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Princeton University
Yorktown Heights. New York /0598 Princeton. New Jersey 08544
X CONTRIBUTORS
T. Kenneth Fowler Ernest M. Henley
Nuclear Engineering Department of Physics
University of California University of Washington
4155 Etcheverry Hall Seattle, Washington 98195
Berkeley, California 94720
Conyers Herring
Department of Applied Physics
Hans Frauenfelder
Stanford University
Center for Nonlinear Studies Stanford, California 94305
Los Alamos National Loboratory
Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
Dudley R. Herschbach
Chemistry and Biochemistry Departments
Mary K. Gaillard Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
Physics Department
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California Lillian Hoddeson
Berkeley, California 94720 Department of Physics
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 61801
Thomas F. Gallagher
Department of Physics
John J. Hopfield
University of Virginia
Department of Molecular Biology
Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey 08544
Jerry P. GoUub
Gary T. Horowitz
Physics Department
Haverford College Department of Physics
Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041 University of California
Santa Barbara, California 93106
Arthur C. Gossard Vernon W. Hughes
Materials Department Department of Physics
University of California Yale University
Santa Barbara, California 93106 New Haven, Connecticut 06520
Yoseph Imry
Paul D. Grannis
Department of Physics
Department of Physics
Weizmann Institute of Science
State University of New York
Rehovot 76 100
Stony Brook, New York 11794
Israel
Thomas Kinoshita
Theodore W. Hwch
Department of Physics
Max-Planck-1nsitut fur Quantenoptik
Cornell University
D-85740 Garching
Ithaca, New York 14853
Gennany
Hans Kleinpoppen
William R. Hendee Department of Physics
Medical College of Wisconsin University of Stirling
8701 Watertown Plank Road Stirling FK9 4LA
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 Scotland
