More-Electronics Power Systems: Power Quality and Stability

217 Pages·2021·11.038 MB·English

by  Jingyang Fang

Power Systems
Jingyang Fang
More-Electronics
Power Systems:
Power Quality
and Stability
Power Systems
Electrical power has been the technological foundation of industrial societies for
many years. Although thesystems designed to provide and apply electrical energy
have reached a high degree of maturity, unforeseen problems are constantly
encountered, necessitating the design of more efficient and reliable systems based
on novel technologies. The book series Power Systems is aimed at providing
detailed,accurateandsoundtechnicalinformationaboutthesenewdevelopmentsin
electrical power engineering. It includes topics on power generation, storage and
transmission as well as electrical machines. The monographs and advanced
textbooks in this series address researchers, lecturers, industrial engineers and
senior students in electrical engineering.
**Power Systems is indexed in Scopus**
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4622
Jingyang Fang
More-Electronics Power
Systems: Power Quality
and Stability
123
JingyangFang
Duke Univesity
Kaisetslautern, Germany
ISSN 1612-1287 ISSN 1860-4676 (electronic)
Power Systems
ISBN978-981-15-8589-0 ISBN978-981-15-8590-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8590-6
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Preface
Thisbook,focusingonpowerqualityandstability,servesasatextbookaswellasa
referencebookforintroductoryofmore-electronicspowersystems.Thebookaims
to provide senior undergraduate and graduate students as well as electrical engi-
neers with the knowledge and skills needed in analyzing and controlling modern
powersystems.Tofacilitateunderstanding,eachchapterintroducesbasicconcepts
and phenomena before going into detailed mathematical descriptions, which are
paired with simulation and experimental verifications. On top of that, individual
chapters are designed to be self-consistent and comprehensive so that readers can
directlyrefertotheirtopicsofinterest.Inadditiontoknowledgetransfer,thisbook
pointsoutemergingandpromisingresearchdirectionssothatresearcherscanrefer
to the references thereof.
The book contains five chapters. Chapter 1 provides the basic knowledge of
more-electronics power systems. Chapters 2 and 3 are related to power quality.
Specifically, Chap. 2 introduces power quality problems, which are addressed in
Chap. 3. Similarly, Chaps. 4 and 5 aim to identify and resolve stability problems,
respectively. The following paragraphs briefly introduce individual chapters.
Chapter 1 focuses on fundamental knowledge and background of
more-electronics power systems. It begins with a brief introduction to power
engineering. Next, the chapter presents an overview of power electronics.
Subsequently,thechapterpresentsabird’seyeviewofpowersystems.Finally,the
chapter ends with the introduction of more-electronics power systems.
Chapter 2 reviews power quality problems in more-electronics power systems.
Thechapterfirstdiscussesvoltagequalityproblemsandtheirmechanisms.Next,it
presents current quality problems, combined with their features. Finally, this
chapter gives typical standards on power quality.
Chapter 3 provides state-of-the-art solutions to power quality problems in
more-electronicspowersystems.Itstartswithpassivesolutions.Thisisfollowedby
the major power electronics-based power conditioning equipment, including
Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPSs), Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVRs),
Static Compensators (STATCOMs), Active Power Filters (APFs), and Unified
Power Quality Conditioners (UPQCs).
v
vi Preface
Chapter 4 summarizes stability problems in more-electronics power systems.
First, the chapter explores converter-level stability problems caused by improper
controller designs, time-delays,weak grids, and powerqualityproblems. Next,the
chapter proceeds to system-level stability problems, which should be blamed for
active and reactive power imbalances.
Chapter 5concentratesonstabilityimprovementtechniquesinmore-electronics
powersystems.Intheconverterlevel,thechapterintroducesstabilityimprovement
techniques according to proper controller design, time-delay reduction, weak grid
techniques, and power quality conditioning. In the system level, the chapter
demonstratespromisingtechniquesthatbalanceactivepowerthroughdampingand
inertia enhancement. In addition, reactive power balance techniques are covered.
Inpreparationofthisbook,theauthorwouldliketoextendhissinceregratitude
to his parents and advisors who give enormous help and support!
Durham, USA Jingyang Fang
Contents
1 Fundamentals of More-Electronics Power Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 A Brief Introduction to Power Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 An Overview of Power Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 What is Power Electronics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Key Features of Power Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Subtopics of Power Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.4 Applications of Power Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.3 A Bird’s-Eye View of Power Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.3.1 What Are Power Systems?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.3.2 Key Features of Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.3.3 Subtopics of Power Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.3.4 Typical and Emerging Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
1.4 More-Electronics Power Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.4.1 What Are More-Electronics Power Systems?. . . . . . . . . . . 64
1.4.2 Key Features of More-Electronics Power Systems . . . . . . . 67
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2 Power Quality Problems and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.1 Voltage Quality Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.1.1 Voltage Amplitude Deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.1.2 Voltage Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.1.3 Voltage Imbalances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.2 Current Quality Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.2.1 Reactive Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.2.2 Current Harmonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.2.3 Imbalanced Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.3 Power Quality Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
vii
viii Contents
3 Power Quality Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.1 Passive Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.1.1 Voltage Amplitude and Reactive Power
Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.1.2 Harmonic Filtering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.2 Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPSs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.2.1 Fundamental Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.2.2 Plant Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.2.3 Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.3 Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVRs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.3.1 Fundamental Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.3.2 Voltage Error Measurement Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.3.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.4 Static Compensators (STATCOMs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.4.1 Fundamental Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.4.2 Plant Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.4.3 Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.4.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.5 Active Power Filters (APFs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.5.1 Fundamental Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.5.2 Current Error Measurement Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.5.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.6 Unified Power Quality Conditioners (UPQCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.6.1 Fundamental Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.6.2 Modeling and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.6.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4 Stability Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.1 Background of Stability Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.1.1 Classification of Grid-Tied Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.1.2 Modeling of Grid-Tied Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.2 Converter-Level Stability Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.2.1 Improper Controller Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.2.2 Time Delays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.2.3 Weak Grids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.2.4 Power Quality Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.3 System-Level Stability Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.3.1 Active Power Balance Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.3.2 Reactive Power Balance Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Contents ix
5 Stability Improvement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.1 Converter-Level Stability Improvement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.1.1 Proper Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.1.2 Time-Delay Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5.1.3 Weak-Grid Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.1.4 Power Quality Conditioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.2 System-Level Stability Improvement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.2.1 Active Power Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
5.2.2 Reactive Power Balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206