Table Of Content2006-1-011-001-000164-1
LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS MONOGRAPH SERIES A-11
In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary
of the Great Mongolian State
M M
ONGOLIAN ONUMENTS
I U -M S
N IGHUR ONGOLIAN CRIPT
(XIII-XVI Centuries)
Introduction, Transcription and Bibliography
Edited by D. Tumurtogoo
With the Collaboration of G. Cecegdari
Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica
Taipei, Taiwan
2006
Preface
The earlier literary monuments, written in the Mongolian language, serve the most
valuable materials in researching the age-old history and culture of the Mongols.
The first and most complete collection of the literary monuments, written in
Mongolian, were published by academician L. Ligeti in the beginning of the 1970’s and
by now it has become a library rarity. Moreover, for the last over thirty years it has been
discovered newly a number of inscriptions, xylographs and manuscripts. For these
reasons we are publishing a new collection of the same type, which includes all the
available monuments covering the XIII-XVI centuries. This kind of a publication has a
great demand for Mongolists, especially for researchers of the young generation.
While preparing the present volume, almost all the relevant scientific publications
for the last over hundred years were reviewed in details. This volume includes a newly
revised transcription of all the pre-classical monuments available, featuring both the
careful check-ups of all the previous propositions and the compiler’s suggestions based
on the historical changes of the Mongolian sounds. The suggestions mostly concern
such phonetic interrelationships in Mongolian like a formation of the long vowels and
diphthongs, as well as a process of the vowel assimilation, differing the present version
of the transcription slightly from the others in the past. The present publication includes
also a full word-index of the pre-classical Mongolian monuments and a complete
bibliography on their researches. Our hope is that the present research contributes as
much as it can, to the study of the rich heritage of the Mongolian history and the
traditional culture of the Mongols, first of all, their language and literature.
Taking an opportunity, we are pleased to inform the readers that this is the first
volume of the series on the Mongolian literary monuments of the XIII-XVI centuries
and the following volumes featuring the ‘Phags-pa and Arabic scripts, the Chinese
characters are already ready for printing as separate volumes.
The compiler’s acknowledgments to Dr. Suying Hsiao, an assistant researcher at
the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, who initiated the publication of this work,
and Dr. Dah-an Ho, the Director of the Institute, who supported the initiation and
granted an opportunity for the publication. Also the words of thanks are addressed to
Igor de Rachewiltz, a professor of the Australian National University, who conducted a
detailed reading of the manuscript and shared his valuable suggestions and comments.
D. Tumurtogoo
2006/08/31
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Table of Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................i
Abbreviations.................................................................................................................ix
Introduction.....................................................................................................................1
Texts of the Preclassical Mongolian Monuments......................................................9-282
I. Inscriptions
1. The Stele of Yisüngke (1224/1225)..........................................................................9
2. Áhe Edict of Töregene (1240).................................................................................10
3. Áhe Edict of Möngke Khan I (1254).......................................................................10
4. Áhe Edict of Möngke Khan II (1257)......................................................................11
5. Áhe Edict of Khubilai Khan I (1261)......................................................................12
6. Áhe Edict of Khubilai Khan II (1268).....................................................................13
7. The Mongolian Inscription in Memory of Chang Ying-îüi (1335)..........................15
8. The Mongolian Inscription in Memory of Îigüntei (1338)......................................20
9. The Mongolian Inscription of Prince ¬ruƒ (1340)..................................................23
10. The Mongolian Inscription from Qara Qorum (1346).............................................25
11. The Mongolian Inscription from Qara Qorum (1348).............................................27
12. The Mongolian Inscription from Chung-wei (1348)...............................................27
13. The Mongolian Inscription in Memory of Prince Hindü (1362).............................27
14. The Edict of ÎibÙ Temür..........................................................................................33
15. The Wall Inscriptions from Dunhuang....................................................................34
16. The Wall Inscriptions from Arîai Grotto.................................................................39
II. Xylographs
1. The Commentary of Bodhicary(cid:407)vat(cid:407)ra by Chos-kyi ’od-zer (1312).......................50
2. The Mongolian Version of Hsiao-ching..................................................................60
3. The Mongolian Xylographic Fragments in Turfan-Collections..............................77
Turf. 1 The Mah(cid:407)k(cid:407)la-Hymn......................................................................77
Turf. 2 A Fragment of “Qutu(cid:534)tu Manîusri-yi:n Yeke Nere
Üneker Ögü:lekü”....................................................................81
Turf. 3 A Fragment of the Prajñ(cid:407)p(cid:407)ramit(cid:407)..................................................82
Turf. 4 A Fragment of “Bilig-ün Îirüken” .................................................83
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Turf. 5 A Fragment of “Qutu(cid:534)tu Sayi:n Yabudal-un Irüge:l-ün Qa(cid:534)an”....84
Turf. 6 A Poem about Destiny....................................................................85
Turf. 8 A Poem about a Sin........................................................................86
Turf. 9 A Fragment from a Book of Buddhist Teachings...........................87
Turf. 10 A Fragment of “Îa(cid:534)un Üyi:letü” (Karnasat(cid:407)ka).............................87
Turf. 11 A Book Title...................................................................................88
Turf. 14 The Fragments from a Book of Buddhist Teachings .....................89
Turf. 15 The Calendar-Divination Fragments..............................................92
Turf. 33 A Fragment of “Irüge:l-ün Qa(cid:534)a:n”...............................................99
Turf. 35 An Unknown Fragment................................................................100
Turf. 36 A Fragment from a Book of Divination.......................................100
Turf. 37 A Fragment from a Book of Divination.......................................101
Turf. 38 A Fragment from a Book of Divination.......................................101
Turf. 39 A Fragment from a Book of Buddhist Teachings.........................102
Turf. 40 An Unknown Fragment................................................................102
Turf. 41 An Unknown Fragment................................................................103
Turf. 42 An Unknown Fragment................................................................103
Turf. 43 An Unknown Fragment................................................................103
Turf. 44 An Unknown Fragment................................................................104
Turf. 45 An Unknown Fragment................................................................104
Turf. 46 An Unknown Fragment................................................................104
Turf. 47 An Unknown Fragment................................................................105
Turf. 58 An Unknown Fragment................................................................105
Turf. 63 An Unknown Fragment................................................................106
Turf. 64 An Unknown Fragment................................................................106
4. The Fragment from Qara Qoto I............................................................................106
5. The Fragment from Qara Qoto II...........................................................................107
6. The Mongolian Version of the “Twelve Deeds of Buddha”..................................107
III. Manuscripts
1. The Letter of Ilkhan Abaga I (1265/66).................................................................150
2. The Letter of Ilkhan Abaga II (1267)....................................................................150
3. The Letter of Ilkhan Abaga III (1271)...................................................................151
4. The Letter of Ilkhan ¬rgun I (1287)......................................................................152
5. The Letter of Ilkhan ¬rgun to Philippe IV the King of France (1289).................152
6. The Letter of Ilkhan Argun to Nicolai IV (1290)..................................................154
7. The Letter of Ilkhan ¯asan to Boniface VIII of France (1302).............................155
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8. The Letter of Ilkhan Ölîeyitü to Philippe IV the King of France (1305)...............156
9. The Mongolian Edict in the Topkapi Saray Museum (1453)................................158
10. The Manuscript-Fragments in Turfan-Collections................................................158
Turf. 7 A Poem about Alexander the Great..............................................158
Turf. 12 A Fragment from a Book of Buddhist Teachings.........................160
Turf. 13 An Exercise Book.........................................................................161
Turf. 16 The Letter of Travel Permit to Köke-Buqa...................................162
Turf. 17 The Letter of Travel Permit to Qabuƒ-Baliƒèi..............................163
Turf. 18 The Letter of Travel Permit to Industan.......................................163
Turf. 19 The Letter of Travel Permit to Îumatun-Dauls.............................164
Turf. 20 The Edict of Kedme-Baƒatur........................................................165
Turf. 21 A Letter of Taxation.....................................................................166
Turf. 22 The Letter of Tuƒluƒtemür............................................................167
Turf. 23 A Letter of Lawsuit.......................................................................167
Turf. 24 A Letter of Lawsuit.......................................................................168
Turf. 25 The Letter of Kebeg......................................................................169
Turf. 26 The Letter of Tuƒluƒtemür............................................................169
Turf. 27 The Letter Written in the Year of Tiger........................................170
Turf. 28 An Unknown Fragment................................................................171
Turf. 29 The Letter Written in the Year of Hare.........................................172
Turf. 30 The Mongolian Edict in Yurinkan Collections.............................172
Turf. 31 A Report Letter.............................................................................173
Turf. 32 A Fragment of an Edict................................................................173
Turf. 34 A Fragment from a Book of Buddhist Teachings.........................173
Turf. 48 An Unknown Fragment................................................................174
Turf. 49 An Unknown Fragment................................................................174
Turf. 51 Fragments from a Book of Buddhist Teachings...........................175
Turf. 52 An Unknown Fragment................................................................176
Turf. 53 An Unknown Fragment................................................................177
Turf. 54 An Unknown Fragment................................................................178
Turf. 55 An Unknown Fragment................................................................178
Turf. 57 An Unknown Fragment................................................................178
Turf. 59 An Unknown Fragment................................................................179
Turf. 60 An Unknown Fragment................................................................179
Turf. 61 An Unknown Fragment................................................................179
Turf. 62 An Unknown Fragment................................................................180
11. The Mongolian Documents in the Museum of Teheran........................................180
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12. A Loan Contract from Qara Qoto..........................................................................181
13. A Fragment from Qara Qoto IV............................................................................182
14. A Fragment from Qara Qoto V..............................................................................182
15. A Fragment from Qara Qoto VI............................................................................183
16. A Fragment from Qara Qoto VII...........................................................................183
17. A Fragment from Qara Qoto VIII..........................................................................184
18. A Fragment from Qara Qoto IX............................................................................185
19. The Fragments from a Letter of Ab(cid:460) Sa‘(cid:431)d (1320)..................................................185
20. The Edict of Ab(cid:460) Sa‘(cid:431)d (1325)..............................................................................188
21. The Edict of Uwais Baƒatur (1358).......................................................................189
22. The Mongolian Poem of Muhammed Al-Samarqandi...........................................190
23. A Letter of Rash(cid:431)d Al-D(cid:431)n.....................................................................................190
24. A Letter of Saif Al-D(cid:431)n..........................................................................................190
25. A Letter of N(cid:460)r Al-D(cid:431)n..........................................................................................191
26. A Mongolian Version of the Alexander Romance................................................193
27. The Birch-Bark Letter from Golden Horde...........................................................199
28. The Praise of Tara..................................................................................................202
29. A Fragment from a Book of Buddhist Teachings..................................................209
30. The Bodhicary(cid:407)vat(cid:407)ra from Olon Süme...............................................................211
31. The Commentary of Bodhicary(cid:407)vat(cid:407)ra from Olon Süme.....................................225
32. A Mongolian Version of Subh(cid:407)sitaratnanidhi......................................................227
33. A Fragment from Dunhuang (B119:7)..................................................................263
34. A Fragment from Dunhuang (B163:3)..................................................................264
35. A Fragment from Dunhuang (B163:42)................................................................265
36. A Fragment from Dunhuang (B163:46)................................................................265
37. A Fragment from Dunhuang (464:58)...................................................................266
38. Statements..............................................................................................................266
IV. Paizi and Seal Letters
1. The Paizi of Toƒtoƒa..............................................................................................280
2. The Paizi of Özbek................................................................................................280
3. The Paizi of ¬bdulla..............................................................................................281
4. The Paizi from Simferopol....................................................................................281
5. The Seal Letter of Güyüg Khan.............................................................................281
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V. Appendixes
1. Word-Index of the Preclassical Mongolian Monuments.......................................283
2. Selected Index Nominum......................................................................................633
3. Some Examples of Phrases and Expressions.........................................................641
4. Bibliography..........................................................................................................651
5. The List of Fragments and Their Original Photo Copies.......................................669
6. Plates......................................................................................................................675
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