Molybdenum Disulfide: Synthesis, Properties and Industrial Application

122 Pages·2016·2.766 MB·English

by  Jeremiah McBride

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING METHODS AND TECHNOLOGY

M D
OLYBDENUM ISULFIDE

S , P
YNTHESIS ROPERTIES AND
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING METHODS AND TECHNOLOGY

M D
OLYBDENUM ISULFIDE

S , P
YNTHESIS ROPERTIES AND
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

JEREMIAH MCBRIDE
EDITOR

New York
Copyright © 2016 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: McBride, Jeremiah, editor.
Title: Molybdenum disulfide : synthesis, properties and industrial applications / [edited by] Jeremiah
McBride.
Description: Hauppauge, New York : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., [2016] |
Series: Chemical engineering methods and technology | Includes
bibliographical references and index. | Description based on print version
record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016017650 (print) | LCCN 2016011277 (softcover) | ISBN 9781634850513(ebook)
|ISBN 9781634850322 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781634850513 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Molybdenum disulfide.
Classification: LCC TP245.M7 (print) | LCC TP245.M7 M65 2016 (ebook) | DDC 661/.0534--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016017650

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter 1 Thin Film Growth of MoS 1
2
Takashi Yanase and Toshihiro Shimada
Chapter 2 Recent Progress in Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS )
2
Synthesis as a Promising Photocatalytic Material 21
S. V. Prabhakar Vattikuti and Chan Byon
Chapter 3 Molybdenum Disulfide: A Promising Material for
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution 51
Yongtao Lu
Chapter 4 Doping to MoS 71
2
Toshihiro Shimada and Takashi Yanase
Chapter 5 Exfoliated Polypyrrole-MoS Nanocomposites:
2
Preparation and Characterization 83
Jiabao Hong, Rabin Bissessur and Douglas C. Dahn
Index 107
PREFACE

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS ) is a semiconductor which is composed of
2
Mo atoms sandwiched between two layers of hexagonal close packed sulfur
atoms in a structure similar to graphene. Traditionally, it has been used as a
solid lubricant due to its low friction properties and as a hydrodesulfurization
catalyst to lower the sulfur content in natural gas and fuels. Bulk MoS were
2
first examined as a possible hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst as
early as 1977 by Tributsch et al. However, it was not until about 20 years later
that its potential in the hydrogen evolution reaction was fully unveiled. This
book discusses the synthesis, properties and industrial applications of
molybdenum disulfide.
Chapter 1 - This chapter describes thin film growth to synthesize
nanosheets (few- or mono- layer) of molybdenum disulfide (MoS ), mainly
2
focusing on chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The CVD system is still being
improved in terms of the controllability and reproducibility: from one zone
systems, two zone systems, three zone systems to finally two flow systems.
The growth conditions of CVD and the surface treatment of the substrate are
critically reviewed. The appearance of MoS nanosheets on substrates shows
2
various shapes such as star shape, dendritic shape, and round shape due to
kinetic effects and off-stoichiometric growth conditions. The mechanism of
the shape evolution is explained in this chapter. Impurity-assisted method is
recently proposed to enlarge grain size and to lower growth temperature.
Methods to evaluate the MoS nanosheets synthesized by CVD are also
2
discussed. The crystallinity strongly affects the device performance.
Fabrication of heterostructures including MoS is now strenuously studied as a
2
fundamental semiconductor technology.
viii Jeremiah McBride
Chapter 2 - Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) synthesis using
simple and facile methods has been considered as the most feasible approach
for preparing different types of large-area two-dimensional (2D) layered
materials. In this chapter, the authors report the current progress in the
synthesis of TMDs and their morphology-dependent characteristics and
highlight their photocatalytic behavior in waste water treatment. Degradation
of pollutants from industrial waste water and recycling using photocatalysts
has been attracting much research interest for using abundant solar sources in
environmental remediation. Many materials display good photocatalytic
activity under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light irradiation. However, the
applications of these materials are limited due to recombination of the
electron–hole pairs. MoS has an advantage over other semiconductor
2
photocatalyst materials like SnO , TiO , and ZnO for photocatalytic
2 2
applications due to its lower band gap of ~1.9 eV. As a result, MoS is capable
2
of absorbing both the UV and visible solar spectrum. In addition, its simple
and easy synthesis is low cost and has good chemical stability in an aqueous
medium, which makes it a promising material for photocatalytic water
treatment and water splitting applications. However, the use of MoS has been
2
limited by the usable portion of the visible light spectrum due to low diffusion
length and positive valence band with respect to the H+/H potential. The
2
authors review the research to overcome these disadvantages and to enhance
the photocatalytic activity of MoS .
2
Chapter 3 - Hydrogen as a zero carbon emission fuel has recently attracted
increasing attention because of the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the
severe environmental crisis. Since Fujishima and Honda first reported the
photoelectrochemical splitting of water into H and O , wide variety of
2 2
photocatalytic H generation tactics have been exploited over the last four
2
decades. So far, the Pt-based materials were found to be well-performing
catalysts for photoinduced H production, while high-cost limited their large-
2
scale application. Recently, molybdenum disulfide (MoS ) has been
2
demonstrated as a promising material for substituting Pt-based catalysts for the
improvement of photocatalytic performance of H production. This chapter
2
mainly focuses on the recent progress of photocatalytic H evolution systems
2
in which MoS worked as supporting materials. It involves the design and the
2
architect of MoS functionalized nanomaterials for enhancing photocatalytic
2
performance of H . At the end of this chapter, the prospects of the new kind of
2
MoS -based materials for improving photocatalytic H production are also
2 2
addressed briefly.
Preface ix
Chapter 4 - In this chapter, the authors critically review current research
activities on doping to MoS . First the authors describe the characteristics and
2
functions of MoS and related materials as hosts of dopants. The authors deal
2
with electronic structures and physics, electronics, catalysis and tribology.
Then the authors explain the electronic states of various dopants. Special
attention will be paid about the fact whether the dopant can supply charge
carriers, which are n-type or p-type. Each dopants are reviewed: vacancies,
Mo-substituting elements and S-substituting elements from the viewpoints of
experiments and computations. Finally the authors briefly review the surface
related techniques to modify the carrier concentrations in MoS : surface
2
transfer doping and field effect doping.
Chapter 5 - Exfoliated nanocomposites consisting of polypyrrole (PPy)
and molybdenum disulfide (MoS ) were synthesized. The MoS was first
2 2
prepared in an exfoliated state by reacting molybdic acid with a huge excess of
thiourea at 500oC under nitrogen flow. The PPy-MoS nanocomposites were
2
prepared by polymerization of pyrrole with ammonium peroxydisulfate, in the
presence of the exfoliated MoS . The amount of MoS in the reaction mixture
2 2
was systematically varied to produce a range of nanocomposite materials
ranging from 1 to 50% by mass of MoS . The nanocomposites were
2
characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray
diffraction, electron microscopy, and van der Pauw electrical conductivity
measurements. Powder X-ray diffraction provided evidence that the
nanocomposites are exfoliated. The diffractograms of the nanocomposites
were completely amorphous, suggesting lack of structural order in these
materials and indicating the formation of genuine exfoliated systems. It was
intriguing to observe that the nanocomposites exhibited enhanced electronic
conductivity when compared to the pure polymer.
In: Molybdenum Disulfide ISBN: 978-1-63485-032-2
Editor: Jeremiah McBride © 2016 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Chapter 1

THIN FILM GROWTH OF MOS
2

Takashi Yanase and Toshihiro Shimada
Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering,
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

ABSTRACT

This chapter describes thin film growth to synthesize nanosheets
(few- or mono- layer) of molybdenum disulfide (MoS ), mainly focusing
2
on chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The CVD system is still being
improved in terms of the controllability and reproducibility: from one
zone systems, two zone systems, three zone systems to finally two flow
systems. The growth conditions of CVD and the surface treatment of the
substrate are critically reviewed. The appearance of MoS nanosheets on
2
substrates shows various shapes such as star shape, dendritic shape, and
round shape due to kinetic effects and off-stoichiometric growth
conditions. The mechanism of the shape evolution is explained in this
chapter. Impurity-assisted method is recently proposed to enlarge grain
size and to lower growth temperature. Methods to evaluate the MoS
2
nanosheets synthesized by CVD are also discussed. The crystallinity
strongly affects the device performance. Fabrication of heterostructures
including MoS is now strenuously studied as a fundamental
2
semiconductor technology.