Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Agrochemicals

174 Pages·1997·3.11 MB·English

by  D. W. Hollomon

13 Chemistry of Plant Protection
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
13
Chemistry ofPlant Protection
Molecular Mechanisms
of Resistance
to Agrochemieals
Volume Editor: Volkert Sjut
With contributions by
J.A. Butters, D.W. Hollomon, S.J. Kendall,
C.O. Knowles, M. Peferoen, R.J. Smeda,
D.M. Soderlund, J. Van Rie, K.c. Vaughn
With 14 Figures and 5 Tables
, Springer
Volume Editor:
Dr. Volkert Sjut
Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH
Postfach 2706 54
D-13476 Berlin, Germany
This series continues the handbook
"Chemie der Pflanzenschutz-und Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel"
edited by R. Wegler
ISBN 978-3-642-08289-4
Die Deutsche Bibliothek -CIP-Einheitsaufuahme
Molecular Mechanisms ofresistance to agrochemicals : with 5
tables / vol. ed.: Volker Sjut. With contributions by 1. A.
Butlers ...
(ChemislIy of plant protection ; 13)
ISBN 978-3-642-082894 ISBN 978-3-662-03458-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-03458-3
NE: Sjut, Volker (Hrsg.); Butters, J. A.; GT
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997
OriginaIIypublished by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork in 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997
ISSN0937-2148
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Managing Editors
Editor-in-Chiej
Dir. u. Prof. Dr. W. Ebing i. R.
Trautenaustraße 8
D-1 0717 Berlin, Gennany
Prof. Dr. H. Bömer
Institut rur Phytopathologie der Universität Kiel
Hennann-Rodewald-Straße 9
D-24118 Kiel, Gennany
Prof. Dr. D. Martin
Universität Potsdam
FG Naturstoffe
Stahnsdorfer Damm 81
D-14532 Kleinmachnow, Gennany
Dr.V.Sjut
Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH
Postfach 27 06 54
D-13476 Berlin, Gennany
Prof. Dr. H.-J. Stan
Technische Universität Berlin
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25
D-13355 Berlin, Gennany
Prof. Dr. J. Stetter
ZF -FWl, Bayer AG, Q 18
D-51368 Leverkusen, Bayerwerk, Gennany
Editorial Board
Prof. M. B. Bouche
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Station de Recherches sur la Faune du Sol
7, rue Sully, F-21034 Dijon Cedex, France
Prof. William S. Bowers
The University of Arizona, College of Agriculture
Department ofEntomology
Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
Prof. F. Bro-Rasmussen
Laboratory ofEnvironmental Sciences and Ecology
Technical University ofDenmark
Building 224, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
Dr. Ivano Camoni
Istituto Superior di Sanita, Laboratori di Chimica
Viale Regina Elena 299
1-00161 Rome,ltaly
Dr. Clive Arthur Edwards
The Ohio State University, Department ofEntomology
103 Botany and Zoology Building, 1735 Neil Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43210-1220, USA
Prof. E. Paul Lichtenstein
Russell Laboratories, Department ofEntomology
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
Prof. 1. Miyamoto
Laboratory ofBiochemistry and Toxicology
Takarazuka Research Center, Sumimoto Chemical Co. Ltd.
2-1, 4-Chome Takatsukasa
Takarazuka-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 665, Japan
VIII Editorial Board
Dr. lohn V. Schloss
Research Supervisor, Central Research and Development
E. I. DuPont de Nemours
Wilmington, Delaware 19898, USA
Dr. L. G. M. Th. Tuinstra
State Institute ofQuality Control of Agricultural Products
Bomesteeg 45
NL-6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
Prof. Dr. Andrzej Zabza
Technical University ofWrolaw
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27
PL 50-370 Wrozlaw, Poland
Honorary Member
Prof. Dr. Richard Wegler
Auf dem Forst
D-51375 Leverkusen-Schlebusch, Germany
Editorial
Development ofresistance against toxic substances can be recognized in nearly all
classes oftarget organisms. This is surprising in view ofthe very different processes
acting between the agents and the receptors or sites ofthe insects, plants, fungi etc.
For several years, resistance has become a severe problem in the plant pro
tection field. In consequence, research on the mechanisms of these very various
resistance phenomena has developed into a major task in physiological chemis
try and molecular biology. Due to the rapid progress in developing new diagnostic
and experimental methods in life sciences, one may observe a rapid accumulation
of knowledge and results in resistance research within the last years. Nowadays,
gene research has begun to play an important role in this area.
In this context, we believe now to be the right ocassion for a book reviewing
most ofthe data on research into the mechanisms ofresistance occuring in the four
main classes ofpesticides. The descriptions ofthe biochemical processes in resist
ance and the success in measures to combat these are supplied by a chapter about
bioengineering methods for resistance management.
We are pleased that leading specialists have been willing to describe research in
their fields over the last decade and I would like to thank the authors -and also the
managing editor -for their commitment. We hope to fulIfilI a need in this field.
This volume ends the book series "Chemistry of Plant Protection". Within a
period of about ten years, "Chemistry of Plant Protection" has augmented the
scientific literature with thirteen issues covering a broad spectrum of themes. The
readers had been supported with actual topics out of research about persistence,
degradation, and the metabolism of pesticides, about their impact on the environ
ment, e.g. soi! and water, research ab out pyrethroids, brassinosteroids, gibberelins
etc., research on several herbicide structure classes, certain fungicidal agents,
development of methods in residue analysis, in immunoassays, in controlIed re
lease applications, and in anti-resistance strategies. I think, these titles have been
remarkable contributions describing the progress in pesticide research - within
very broad limits.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to all readers for their interest in these
publications. I also thank the editorial board and the managing editors for their
efforts, but especially the many authors who brought success to this series. The
good cooperation with the publisher for producing books ofhigh quality is greatly
acknowledged.
Berlin, December 1996 W.Ebing
Editor-in-Chief
Table of Contents
Mechanism of Resistance to Fungicides
D.W. Hollomon, J.A. Butters, S.J. Kendall .................. .
Molecular Mechanisms ofInsecticide Resistance
D.M. Soderlund .......................................... 21
Mechanisms ofResistance to Acaricides
C.O. Knowles ............................................ 57
Mechanisms ofResistance to Herbicides
R.1. Smeda, K.C. Vaughn .................................. 79
Plant Engineering for Crop Protection:
Implications for Resistance Management
M. Peferoen, 1. V an Rie .................................... 125
SubjectIndex ............................................ 157
Mechanism of Resistance to Fungicides
D.W. Hollomon, J.A. Butters and S.J. Kendall
IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural Sciences,
University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS18 9 AF, UK
Fungicide resistance has been reported from weH over 300 fungi, although the vast
majority of these cases involve laboratory-resistant mutants, rather than fungi isolated
from field crops. So far, only in some 25 plant pathogens has resistance become a serious
practical problem. Whilst studies of laboratory mutants, and clinically resistant human
yeast pathogens, have provided information on the molecular mechanisms of resistance,
similar results from resistant strains coHected from field populations is extremely limited.
Cross resistance studies suggest that much of this resistance is target based, reftecting
changes in one or just a few genes. Only in the case of benzimidazole resistance, and the
ß-tubulin target, is sufficient information available to understand aspects of the molecu
lar basis of resistance. Even so, knowledge of how the amino acid changes clustered at
codons 198 and 200 of ß-tubulin affect benzimidazole bin ding and alter pathogenicity,
must await more detailed structural analysis of the ß-tubulin pro tein, and its association
with Cl-tubulin to form tubulin filaments. To date, no fungicide target protein has been
overexpressed and crystallized to provide a three-dimensional structure of fungicide
binding sites although models are available which describe sites for azole fungicides in
sterol 14Cl-demethylase. Nevertheless, sufficient information is becoming available at
a molecular level to exploit rapid diagnostic methods to improve monitoring pro
grammes. Progress is likely to be slow, however, since the molecular systems needed to
analyse gene function in plant pathogens are at present very poorly developed, or even
non-existent.
1 Introduction: Setting the Scene. 3
2 Definition of Resistance. 4
3 Genetics of Resistance. 5
4 Cross Resistance. . . . 7
5 Synergy and Antagonism . 8
6 Mechanisms of Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1 Target Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1.1 Changes in Catalytic Parameters. 9
6.1.2 Isozymes . . . . . . 10
6.1.3 Molecular Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Chemistry of Plant Proteetion, Vol. 13
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997