Table Of ContentModern Vaccinology
Modern Vaccinology
Edited by
Edouard Kurstak
University of Montreal
Montreal. Quebec. Canada
and World Health Organization
Geneva. Switzerland
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Modern vaccinology / edited by Edouard Kurstak.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4899-1452-1
1. V/accines. I. Kurstak, Edouard.
[DNLM: 1. V/accines. 2. Immunotherapy—methods. 3. Genetic
Engineering. QW 805 M6895 1994]
QR189.M59 1994
6151 .372—dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 94-30565
CIP
ISBN 978-1-4899-1452-1 ISBN 978-1-4899-1450-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-1450-7
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York 1994
Originally published by Plenum Publishing Corporation in 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written
permission from the Publisher
Preface
The recent developments in modern vaccinology are mainly based on: (i) cloning
of microbial genes into recombinant vectors containing genetic information for
expression of desired neutralizing immunogens; (ii) alternatives of attenuated
vectors with deleted genes permitting the insertion of several foreign genes
expressing antigens exposed to the host immune system during the abortive
replication of such vectors; (iii) combined vaccines with the aim to protect
against many diseases with a limited number of administrations; (iv) evidence
demonstrating the ability of animals to respond serologically to DNA injections
considered as a potential method of vaccination; (v) the possibility to manipulate
the immune system with new and improved immunomodulators enhancing the
immune response; and (vi) new microcarrier systems for particular immunogens
or immunomodulators delivery, either in a single dose or sustained release, and
presentation to the immune system for a relevant response.
New vaccines being developed are mainly based on viral, bacterial or other
vectors modified with genetic engineering technology, to possess and express
desired antigens for vaccination against single or multiple infections. Existing
combined vaccines like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTP) are also experimented
with new additional components like recombinant hepatitis B virus surface
antigen, inactivated poliovirus, and Haemophilus inJluenzae type b immunogens,
in order to produce multivalent vaccines. Such types of vaccines permitting the
reduction of multiple medical visits is of particular interest to pediatric immuni
zation programs, and would benefit especially the developing countries assuring
better vaccine compliance with immunization schedules.
The sophisticated genetic engineering technology has revolutionized the
research and the development of new, safe, and immunogenic vaccines as well as
the whole approach to the vaccine delivery systems. Only in recent years a
tremendous amount of new research data has been accumulated on new vaccines,
attenuated vectors, vaccination procedures and concepts, fully justifying this very
timely volume on Modern Vaccinology.
This volume of 18 chapters incorporates the latest findings on new vaccines
research, development and potency trials. Discussed in depth are new vectors,
especially attenuated ones, which are a priority of the World Health Organization
programs research for vaccines development. Thus, the recent progress in the
v
development of multivalent oral vaccines based on live attenuated vectors is
underlined. Vaccination with polynucleotides; grafting the epitopes in immuno
globulines; new concepts in combined vaccines; potentiation of immune
responses with new adjuvant formulations and microcarrier delivery systems for
immunogens and immunomodulators are also a part of this volume. Finally,
described in detail are novel approaches to produce vaccines of medical immediate
utility, as well as the developments and use of several recombinant vaccines for
viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases: AIDS, respiratory viral diseases, viral
hepatitis; viral hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, rabies, measles, dengue,
Japanese encephalitis, rotavirus, pertussis, malaria and schistosomiasis infections,
among others.
Modern Vaccinology is addressed mainly to all public health professionals
concerned with immunization programs and control of infectious diseases,
particularly in hospitals, clinics, governmental health services, centers of
infectious diseases, institutes for vaccines research and development, and medical
schools, as well as to vaccines producers and experts in immunization strategies.
It is my hope that this volume will be a useful tool for those involved in the
global control of infectious diseases at research and application levels, and a
source of the latest information on vaccines development and their uses in the
medical practices.
My sincere thanks and gratitude are conveyed to the well known, expert
contributors, for the effort and care with which they prepared their well
documented and updated chapters, and to the staff of Plenum Medical Book
Company for their kind cooperation in the production of this volume.
Prof. Dr. Edouard Kurstak
President -International Comparative Virology Organization
Member - Viral Disease Panel, World Health Organization
vi
Contents
Editor's Introduction
Modern Vaccinology: Progress Towards the Global
Control of Infectious Diseases ............................................ .
Edouard Kurstak
PART I NEW CONCEPTS IN VACCINES DEVELOPMENT
AND IMMUNE RESPONSE
Chapter 1. Vaccination with Polynudeotides: A Novel Means
of Generating Immunity ........................................................ 13
Jeffrey B. Ulmer, John J. Donnelly, and Margaret A. Liu
Chapter 2. Development of Vaccines by Grafting Microbial
Epitopes in Immunoglobulins ............................................... 25
Constantin A. Bona
Chapter 3. Conventional and New Generation Combined Vaccines ........ 41
Francis E. Andre, William J. Stanbury, and Dirk E. Teuwen
Chapter 4. Progress in the Development of Multivalent Oral
Vaccines Based on Live Attenuated Salmonella ................... 55
Steven N. Chatfield, Gordon Dougan, and Mark Roberts
Chapter 5. Potentiation of Vaccines Through Effective Adjuvant
Fomulations and Manipulation of the Immune Response ...... 87
H.P.A. Hughes and Lorne A. Babiuk
vii
PART II RECOMBINANT VACCINES AND MULTIVALENT
IMMUNOGENS
Chapter 6. Recent Advances in Recombinant Vaccines
for Viral and Parasitic Diseases ........................................... 121
John A. Tine, Jill Taylor, and Enzo Paoletti
Chapter 7. Hepatitis B Virus Recombinant Vaccines:
Achievement and Progress ................................................... 153
F. Tron
Chapter 8. Recombinant Hepatitis B Surface Antigen as Carrier
of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HI V) Epitopes:
Towards a Dual Immunogenic Vaccine ................................ 169
K. Schlienger, M. Mancini, P. Tiollais, and M.-L. Michel
Chapter 9. Genetically Engineered Human Immunodeficiency
Virus Type I (HIV-l) Vaccines ........................................... 181
Benjamin Rovinski and Michel Klein
Chapter 10. Rotavirus Vaccine Development ....................................... 213
Timo Vesikari and Albert Z. Kapikian
Chapter 11. Progress in the Development of Recombinant Vaccines
Against Dengue and Other Arthropod-Borne Flavivirnses ..... 231
Robert Putnak
Chapter 12. Expressed Antigens of Hantaviruses as Potential
Vaccines for Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ........ 253
Connie S. Schmaljohn, Joel M. Dalrymple, and David McClain
Chapter 13. Development of Recombinant Measles Vaccines 265
Jill Taylor and Enzo Paoletti
Chapter 14. Development of Subunit Paramyxoviridae Vaccines ............ 283
M. Ewasyshyn and Michel Klein
Chapter 15. Rabies Recombinant Vaccines: Development
and Field Application ...... .......... ........ ............ ...... ..... ........ .... 303
P.-P. Pastoret , B. Brochier, D. Boulanger, G. Chappuis,
and M.P. Kieny
viii
Chapter 16. The New Generation of Recombinant Pertussis Vaccines ..... 319
Sheena Loosmore, Gavin Zealey, and Michel Klein
Chapter 17. The Use of Recombinant Proteins and Synthetic
Peptides in the Development of a Plasmodium
falciparum Malaria Vaccine ................................................ 341
Howard M. Etlinger
Chapter 18. Development ofa Recombinant Vaccine
Against Schistosomiasis ...................................................... 357
Raymond J. Pierce and Andre R. Capron
Contributors ...................................................................... 381
Index ................................................................................. 385
ix
Editor's Introduction
Modern Vaccinology: Progress Towards
the Global Control of Infectious Diseases
Prevention of disease by immunization predates knowledge of infection or
immunology in human history. The inoculation intranasally of smallpox material
in 590 BC in an effort to help prevent that deadly disease has undoubtedly been
the most memorable event. This paved the way to immunization practices in tum
based on literally years of casual but nevertheless labour intensive observations,
intuition and scientific experimentation. At the present time immunization
practices are for the most part based on immunologic aspects of the host
response, the microbiological techniques on hand, restraints of practicality, and
to a large extent, on economic, ethical considerations. The elimination in recent
years of smallpox does indeed represent the final chapter in a 2500 year history
of vaccination that encompasses all the above factors. Most of the existing
vaccines appear to be primarily for the prevention or control of acute bacterial or
viral infections. Development of vaccines to some chronic diseases, e.g. AIDS
and malaria, does however, necessitate a rather detailed knowledge of effective
means for the generation of particular immune responses. Studies on model
systems seem to be the main sources of such information and additionally
provide filrther insight into the success story of some current vaccines. In AIDS
vaccine research, for example, in efforts to create a vaccine conferring sterilizing
immlmity, monkey experiments using simian immunodeficiency virus have been
used as a testbed (Cohen, 1993). The general aspects of the current status of
modem vaccinology and hopes for the future are focussed in this editorial.
In fact, modem vaccinology - the science of prevention of infectious
diseases through vaccination using new systems to deliver vaccines, we have and
continue to improve and produce with sophisticated genetic engineering
teclmology, is one of the most important recent developments in biomedical
research. New vaccines being developed are mainly based on viral or bacterial
vectors with genes coding for desired antigens, reassortants with mixtures of
genes, as well as microorganisms deleted for particular genes or attenuated
vectors used to immunize against single or multiple infections.
