Table Of ContentModern
Telecommunications
Basic Principles and Practices
Modern
Telecommunications
Basic Principles and Practices
By
Martin Sibley
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Sibley, M. J. N. (Martin J. N.), author.
Title: Modern telecommunications : basic principles and practices / Martin J.
Sibley.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017055201| ISBN 9781138578821 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781351263603
Subjects: LCSH: Telecommunication--Textbooks.
Classification: LCC TK5101 .S498 2018 | DDC 621.384--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017055201
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
About the Author ......................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
1.1 Historical Background ...............................................................1
1.2 Reasons for Electromagnetic Communication ..........................2
1.3 Sinusoids: Sines and Cosines .....................................................3
1.4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum: From Submarines to Satellites .....5
1.4.1 ELF, Super Low Frequency (SLF), ULF, VLF ............6
1.4.2 Low Frequency .............................................................6
1.4.3 Medium Frequency ......................................................6
1.4.4 High Frequency ............................................................6
1.4.5 Very High Frequency ...................................................7
1.4.6 Ultra High Frequency ...................................................7
1.4.7 SHF ...............................................................................7
1.4.8 EHF ..............................................................................7
1.4.9 Far Infra-Red (FIR), Mid Infra-Red (MIR),
Near Infra-Red (NIR) ...................................................7
1.5 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Frequency Translation ....8
1.6 Tuned Circuits: Station Selection ..............................................9
1.7 Basic Radio Receiver Design: The Superheterodyne
Receiver ...................................................................................12
1.8 Three Very Important Theorems: Nyquist (TWICE) and
Shannon ...................................................................................15
1.9 Problems ..................................................................................16
Chapter 2 Noise ...................................................................................................17
2.1 Circuit Noise: Why Amplifiers Hiss ........................................17
2.2 Noise Factor and Figure ..........................................................19
2.3 Noise Power from an Antenna .................................................19
2.4 Cascaded Networks: Friss’ Formula........................................21
2.5 Noise Temperature and Directional Antennae ........................23
2.6 Algebraic Representation of Noise: Filtered Noise .................25
2.7 Problems ..................................................................................26
Chapter 3 Introduction to Digital Modulation ....................................................27
3.1 Pulse Code Modulation: Digitising Signals ............................27
3.2 Baseband Digital Signalling: Data Transmission ....................31
v
Contents Contents
vi Contents
3.3 Carrier-Based Signalling .........................................................37
3.3.1 ASK ............................................................................38
3.3.2 FSK .............................................................................39
3.3.3 BPSK ..........................................................................41
3.3.4 Matched Filtering .......................................................43
3.3.5 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing ...........46
3.3.6 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ............................51
3.4 Coding .....................................................................................55
3.4.1 Parity Check ...............................................................55
3.4.2 Hamming Code ..........................................................55
3.4.3 Cyclic Redundancy Code ...........................................57
3.4.4 Convolution Coding, Maximum Likelihood and
Viterbi Decoding ........................................................57
3.4.5 Reed–Solomon Coding ..............................................61
3.5 Problems ..................................................................................66
Chapter 4 Introduction to Analogue Modulation ................................................67
4.1 Amplitude Modulation ............................................................67
4.2 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation ..................80
4.3 Single Sideband Modulation ....................................................81
4.4 Frequency Modulation .............................................................83
4.5 Phase Modulation ....................................................................99
4.6 Problems ................................................................................100
Chapter 5 Transmission and Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves ..............103
5.1 Waves on Transmission Lines ...............................................103
5.2 Reflections and Transmission ................................................108
5.3 Smith Charts ..........................................................................115
5.4 Antennae ................................................................................121
5.5 Propagation ............................................................................126
5.6 Problems ................................................................................130
Chapter 6 Systems .............................................................................................131
6.1 Satellites ................................................................................131
6.2 Ethernet .................................................................................135
6.3 Optical Communications .......................................................137
6.4 Mobile Phones .......................................................................143
6.5 Digital Audio Broadcasting ...................................................145
6.6 Digital Video Broadcasting ...................................................146
6.7 Wi-Fi ......................................................................................146
6.8 MIMO ....................................................................................147
6.9 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ....................................147
Contents
Contents vii
6.10 Bluetooth ...............................................................................148
6.11 The Intelligent Home .............................................................148
6.12 Software-Defined Radio ........................................................150
Appendix I: The Double Balanced Mixer ..........................................................151
Appendix II: The Product of Two Cosines ........................................................153
Appendix III: The Parallel Tuned Circuit ........................................................155
Appendix IV: Decibels .........................................................................................159
Appendix V: Noise Factor and Friss’ Formula .................................................161
Appendix VI: Maximum Power Transfer .........................................................163
Appendix VII: Error Function (erf) Tables ......................................................167
Appendix VIII: The Discrete Fourier Transform ............................................171
Appendix IX: Summation and Multiplication Tables in GF(8) .......................175
Appendix X: Bessel Function Coefficients.........................................................177
Appendix XI: The Phase‑Lock Loop .................................................................179
Appendix XII: Lumped Parameters for Coaxial Cable ...................................181
Appendix XIII: The 4B5B Line Code ................................................................185
Index ......................................................................................................................187
Preface
Telecommunications is literally all around us – we are surrounded by electromag-
netic waves (radio waves) from many, many sources: TV, radio, mobile phones,
Wi-Fi, etc. Our modern society relies on communication as never before; just ask
any user of a mobile phone! There is a philosophical question as to whether this
new era of communications is a good thing or not; however, what is clear is that
society has an ever-increasing demand for bandwidth that is satisfied by some very
clever technology which is described in this book. Some text books are written to
be dipped into whenever the reader requires knowledge of a particular area; others
are written to be read from cover to cover. I wrote this text to take the reader on a
journey through the fundamentals of telecommunications and then on to discuss
various communications systems. It is difficult to predict the future but one thing for
certain is that telecommunications, in all its varied forms, will be at the forefront of
the technology. I hope you enjoy reading this book as much as I enjoyed writing it.
I would especially like to thank my wife, Magda, my daughter, Emily, and my
family both here and abroad for their invaluable help and encouragement. Thanks
also go to the referees for their useful comments, in particular Dr. Karel Sterckx
of Shinawatra University, Thailand, for proof reading the text and giving valuable
feedback.
What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul.
Joseph Addison (1672–1719)
Martin J.N. Sibley
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