Table Of ContentModern Manufacturing
Technology
Modern Manufacturing
Technology
Spotlight on Future
Jitendra Kumar Katiyar
Ranjeet Kumar Sahu
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2022 Jitendra Kumar Katiyar and Ranjeet Kumar Sahu
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the
author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if
permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not
been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted,
reproduced transmitted or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access
www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC, please
contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 9781032066394 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032066400 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003203162 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003203162
Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
Contents
Preface xi
Authors xiii
1 Introduction to Modern Manufacturing Techniques 1
1.1 Need for MMTs 1
1.2 Classification of MMTs 2
1.3 Advanced Casting Techniques 3
1.3.1 Ceramic Shell Investment Casting 4
1.3.1.1 Applications 4
1.3.2 Expandable Pattern Casting 5
1.3.2.1 Applications 5
1.3.3 Plaster Mold Casting 5
1.3.3.1 Applications 6
1.3.4 Ceramic Mold Casting 6
1.3.4.1 Applications 7
1.3.5 Vacuum Mold Casting 7
1.3.6 Slush Casting 7
1.3.7 Squeeze Casting 8
1.3.7.1 Applications 9
1.3.8 Spin Casting 9
1.3.9 Rapid Solidification 9
1.3.10 Single Crystal Casting 10
1.3.11 Stir Casting 11
1.3.12 Semisolid Casting 11
1.3.12.1 Thixo Casting 12
1.3.12.2 Rheo Casting 13
1.3.12.3 Thixo Molding 14
1.3.12.4 Strain-Induced Melt Activation (SIMA) 14
1.4 Advanced Forming Techniques 14
1.4.1 Explosive Forming 15
1.4.1.1 Standoff Method 15
1.4.1.2 Contact Method 15
1.4.2 Electro-Hydraulic Forming (EHF) 16
1.4.3 Electromagnetic Forming (EMF) 16
1.4.4 Peen Forming 17
v
vi Contents
1.4.5 Superplastic Forming 18
1.4.6 Thixo Forming 19
1.4.7 Ceramic Forming 19
1.4.8 Glass Forming 20
1.4.9 Incremental Sheet Metal Forming 21
1.5 Advanced Joining Techniques 22
1.5.1 Magnetic Pulse Welding 24
1.5.2 Friction Stir Welding 25
1.5.3 Explosive Welding 26
1.5.4 Electron Beam Welding 27
1.5.5 Laser Beam Welding 27
1.5.6 Microwave Welding 28
1.6 Advanced Composites Manufacturing Techniques 29
1.6.1 Fabrication Techniques for Polymer-Based
Nanocomposites 30
1.6.2 Fabrication Techniques for Metal-Based
Nanocomposites 30
1.6.2.1 Liquid-State Fabrication of MMC 30
1.6.2.2 Solid-State Fabrication of MMC 34
1.6.2.3 In Situ Fabrication of MMC 34
1.6.3 Fabrication Techniques for Ceramic-Based
Nanocomposites 35
1.6.3.1 Polymer Infiltration and Pyrolysis (PIP) 35
1.6.3.2 Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI) 35
1.6.3.3 Liquid Silicon Infiltration (LSI) 35
1.6.3.4 Direct Melt Oxidation (DIMOX) 35
1.6.3.5 Sol-Gel Infiltration 36
1.6.3.6 Slurry Infiltration 36
1.7 Advanced Machining Techniques 36
1.7.1 Thermal-Assisted Techniques 37
1.7.2 Plasma-Assisted Machining 37
1.7.3 Laser-Assisted Machining 40
1.7.4 Electron Beam Assisted Machining 40
1.7.5 Ion Beam Machining 40
1.8 Advanced Finishing Techniques 41
1.9 Nanoparticles Production Techniques 44
1.10 Future of Advanced Manufacturing 44
References 45
2 Additive Manufacturing – “An Evolutionary Pace” 47
2.1 Background of Additive Manufacturing 47
2.2 Glimpse of Non-metal Additive Manufacturing
Techniques 48
Contents vii
2.2.1 Stereolithography (STL) 50
2.2.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 50
2.2.3 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) 51
2.2.4 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) or Fused
Filament Fabrication (FFF) 52
2.2.5 Solid Ground Curing (SGC) 52
2.2.6 3D Ink-Jet Printing 53
2.2.7 Multi-Jet Modeling (MJM) 53
2.3 Advent of Metal Additive Manufacturing Techniques 55
2.4 Conceptual Realization of Metal Additive
Manufacturing Techniques 56
2.4.1 Powder Bed Fusion Technique 57
2.4.2 Direct Energy Deposition Technique 58
2.4.3 Metal Binder Jetting Technique 60
2.4.4 Bound Powder Extrusion
(Bound Powder Deposition) Technique 61
2.4.5 Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Technique 62
2.4.6 Promising Applications of Metal 3D Printing 64
2.5 Future Directions 65
2.6 Summary 66
References 66
3 Advanced Machining in the Age of Nanotechnology 69
3.1 Nanotechnology in Current Millennium 69
3.2 Science of Nanoparticles 71
3.3 Glimpse of Nanoparticle Applications 74
3.4 Nanoparticles Production Techniques 75
3.4.1 Ball Milling 75
3.4.2 Wire Explosion 77
3.4.3 Inert Gas Condensation 77
3.4.4 Sputtering 77
3.4.5 Submerged Arc Nanoparticle Synthesis
System (SANSS) 78
3.4.6 Combustion Flame 78
3.4.7 Plasma Processing 78
3.4.8 Spray Pyrolysis 78
3.4.9 Solution Precipitation 79
3.4.10 Sol-Gel Processing 79
3.4.11 Micro-Emulsion 79
3.4.12 Polyol Technique 80
3.4.13 Aerosol Synthesis 80
3.4.14 Chemical Vapor Condensation 80
3.4.15 Boiling Flask-3-Neck 81
viii Contents
3.4.16 Microfluidic Reactor 81
3.5 Exploitation of Nanotechnology Concept
in Advanced Machining 81
3.5.1 Pulsed Laser Ablation 82
3.5.2 Electrochemical (or Electrochemical
Micromachining) Technique 83
3.5.3 Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining
(Micro-EDM) 84
3.5.4 Micro-Electro Chemical Discharge Machining
(Micro-ECDM) 86
3.6 Challenges of Nano-Based Manufacturing 89
3.7 Summary 89
References 89
4 Ultrafine Electronic Devices Manufacturing Techniques 95
4.1 Semiconductor 95
4.1.1 Semiconductor Doping 96
4.1.1.1 Diffusion Technique 96
4.1.1.2 Ion Implantation 96
4.2 Importance of Semiconductors 97
4.3 Materials 97
4.3.1 Silicon Wafer Fabrication 97
4.3.1.1 CZ Crystal Growing 98
4.3.1.2 Floating Zone 98
4.4 Measurement of Wafer Characteristic 98
4.4.1 Hot Point Probe 98
4.4.2 Four-Point Probe 99
4.4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 99
4.5 Oxidation 99
4.6 Deposition 100
4.6.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 100
4.6.1.1 Evaporative Deposition 101
4.6.1.2 Electron Beam PVD 101
4.6.1.3 Sputtering 101
4.6.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 101
4.7 Lithography 102
4.7.1 Photolithography 102
4.8 Etching 103
4.8.1 Wet Etching 103
4.8.2 Dry Etching 104
4.8.2.1 Sputtering 104
4.8.2.2 Plasma Etching 104
Contents ix
4.8.2.3 Reactive Ion Etching 104
4.8.2.4 Cryogenic Dry Etching 105
4.9 Metallization 105
4.10 Wire Bonding 106
4.10.1 Ball or Capillary Bonding 106
4.10.2 Wedge Bonding 106
4.11 Packaging 107
4.11.1 Through Hole Mount Package 107
4.11.2 Surface Mount Package 107
4.11.3 Chip-Scale Package 107
4.11.3.1 Wafer Level Chip-Scale Package 108
4.11.3.2 Wire Bonded Ball Grid Array 108
4.11.3.3 Flip-Chip Ball Grid Array 108
4.12 MEMS Technology 108
4.12.1 Materials for MEMS 109
4.12.2 Fabrication Process 109
4.12.2.1 Bulk Micromachining 110
4.12.2.2 Surface Micromachining 110
4.12.2.3 LIGA 110
4.12.3 Application of MEMS 111
4.12.4 Issues of MEMS 112
4.12.5 Future of MEMS 113
4.13 NEMS Technology 113
4.13.1 Materials and Fabrication of NEMS 114
4.13.2 Application of NEMS 114
4.13.3 Future of NEMS 115
4.14 Summary 115
References 116
5 A New Vista of Manufacturing Technology
for Industry 4.0 119
5.1 Background and Impact of Industrial Revolutions 119
5.2 Introduction to Industry 4.0 120
5.3 Transforming Landscape in Modern Manufacturing 121
5.4 Major Challenges 125
5.5 Case Study 126
5.6 Summary 126
References 126
Index 127
