Modern earth buildings: Materials, engineering, constructions and applications

797 Pages·2012·14.29 MB·English

by  Matthew Hall

Modern earth buildings
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 33
Modern earth
buildings
Materials, engineering, construction
and applications
Edited by
Matthew R. Hall, Rick Lindsay and
Meror Krayenhoff
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
www.woodheadpublishingonline.com
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
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ISBN 978-0-85709-026-3 (print)
ISBN 978-0-85709-616-6 (online)
ISSN 2044-9364 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy (print)
ISSN 2044-9372 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy (online)
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents
Contributor contact details xv
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xxi
Preface xxvii
Part I Introduction to modern earth buildings 1
1 Overview of modern earth building 3
M. R. Hall, University of Nottingham, UK, R. lindsay, Earth
Structures Group, Australia and M. KRayenHoff, SIREWALL Inc,
Canada
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Definition of modern earth building 5
1.3 The significance of modern earth building in the current
and future construction industries 6
1.4 Changes in the modern earth building industry 7
1.5 Managing the demands of the modern construction
industry 10
1.6 References 16
2 Hygrothermal behaviour and occupant comfort in
modern earth buildings 17
M. R. Hall and s. Casey, University of Nottingham, UK
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Hygrothermal loads and modelling 19
2.3 Thermal and hygric properties of earth materials 25
2.4 Hygrothermal behaviour and passive air conditioning 29
2.5 Indoor health and air quality 33
2.6 Sources of further information 36
2.7 References 37
2.8 Appendix: nomenclature 40
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
vi Contents
3 Fabric insulation, thermal bridging and acoustics in
modern earth buildings 41
C. J. Hopfe, Cardiff University, UK and M. R. Hall, University of
Nottingham, UK
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Approaches to fabric insulation 42
3.3 Thermal bridging theory 56
3.4 Thermal bridging simulation tools 60
3.5 Acoustic reverberation 62
3.6 Sources of further information 67
3.7 References 69
3.8 Appendix: nomenclature 71
4 Modern earth building codes, standards and
normative development 72
H. sCHRoedeR, Bauhaus University Weimar, Germany
4.1 Introduction: a short history of building codes for using
earth as a building material 72
4.2 Types of ‘standards’ for earth buildings 75
4.3 Normative documents for earth building 77
4.4 Selecting the parameters for earth building standards 87
4.5 New developments in earth building standards 98
4.6 Conclusions 103
4.7 References 105
5 Passive house design: a benchmark for thermal
mass fabric integration 110
l. Rongen, University of Applied Sciences, Erfurt and Rongen
Architects, Germany
5.1 Introduction 110
5.2 Description of Passive House 112
5.3 Functional principles of Passive House 117
5.4 Case studies of Passive Houses in different climates 128
5.5 Examples of Passive House architecture in Germany 134
5.6 Future trends 148
5.7 Sources of further information 151
5.8 References 151
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents vii
Part II Earth materials engineering and earth
construction 153
6 Soil materials for earth construction: properties,
classification and suitability testing 155
l. n. Reddi, Florida International University, USA, a. K. Jain
and H-B. yun, University of Central Florida, USA
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Soil formation 155
6.3 Soil types 157
6.4 Soil consistency 163
6.5 Compaction of soil 167
6.6 Conclusion 170
6.7 References 170
6.8 Appendix 171
7 Alternative and recycled materials for earth
construction 172
a. dawson, University of Nottingham, UK
7.1 Introduction 172
7.2 Classification 176
7.3 Types of alternative material 179
7.4 Characteristics of alternative and recycled materials 190
7.5 Form of recycled and alternative materials: bulk or binder 193
7.6 Leaching 195
7.7 Physical and mechanical properties of alternative and
recycled materials 197
7.8 The use and reuse life cycle 198
7.9 Future trends and conclusions 200
7.10 Sources of further information 201
7.11 References 201
7.12 Appendix 203
8 Soil mechanics and earthen construction: strength
and mechanical behaviour 204
C. e. augaRde, Durham University, UK
8.1 Introduction 204
8.2 Basic mechanics 205
8.3 Fundamental soil behaviour 209
8.4 Effective stress 211
8.5 Models of shear strength for soils 212
8.6 Unsaturated soil behaviour 217
8.7 The use of soil mechanics in earthen construction 220
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
viii Contents
8.8 Future trends 220
8.9 Sources of further information 221
8.10 References 221
9 Soil stabilisation and earth construction: materials,
properties and techniques 222
M. R. Hall, K. B. naJiM and p. KeiKHaei deHdezi, University of
Nottingham, UK
9.1 Introduction 222
9.2 Lime stabilisation 225
9.3 Cement and pozzolans 229
9.4 Bituminous binders and emulsions 241
9.5 Synthetic binders, polymers and adhesives 246
9.6 Fibre reinforcement 247
9.7 Selection tool for modern stabilised earth construction 249
9.8 References 253
10 Integral admixtures and surface treatments for
modern earth buildings 256
R. KeBao and d. Kagi, Tech-Dry Building Protection Systems Pty
Ltd, Australia
10.1 Introduction 256
10.2 Integral admixtures for modern earth construction 258
10.3 Surface treatment for modern earth buildings 270
10.4 Future trends 279
10.5 Sources of information 281
10.6 References 281
11 Weathering and durability of earthen materials and
structures 282
J-C. MoRel, University of Lyon, France, Q-B. Bui, University of
Savoie, France and e. HaMaRd, IFSTTAR, France
11.1 Introduction 282
11.2 Water content increase in earthen walls 283
11.3 Strategies to increase the durability of earth walls 286
11.4 Current tests for assessing the durability of earthen
materials 288
11.5 Surface coatings and finishes of earth structures 293
11.6 Long-term performance testing of earth walls 297
11.7 Future trends and conclusions 299
11.8 Acknowledgements 300
11.9 Sources of further information 301
11.10 References 302
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents ix
Part III Earth building technologies and earth
construction techniques 305
12 History of earth building techniques 307
P. Jaquin, Integral Engineering, UK
12.1 Introduction 307
12.2 Earth building techniques in Asia 309
12.3 Earth building techniques in Africa 313
12.4 Earth building techniques in Europe 315
12.5 Earth building techniques in North America 316
12.6 Earth building techniques in South America 318
12.7 Earth building techniques in Australasia 319
12.8 Conclusions 320
12.9 Bibliography 321
13 Stabilised soil blocks for structural masonry in earth
construction 324
B. V. Venkatarama reddy, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore,
India
13.1 Introduction 324
13.2 Soil stabilisation techniques 327
13.3 Production of stabilised soil blocks (SSBs) 330
13.4 Characteristics of stabilised soil blocks (SSB) 336
13.5 Cement–soil mortars for stabilised soil block (SSB)
masonry 349
13.6 Stabilised soil block masonry 351
13.7 Long-term performance, repair and retrofitting of
stabilised soil block (SSB) buildings 353
13.8 Case studies of cement stabilised soil block (CSSB)
buildings 356
13.9 References 361
14 Modern rammed earth construction techniques 364
d. easton and t. easton, Rammed Earth Works, USA
14.1 Introduction 364
14.2 Material sourcing 366
14.3 Proportioning and mixing 368
14.4 Formwork 371
14.5 Installation 377
14.6 Future trends and conclusions 383
14.7 Sources of further information 384
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012