Table Of ContentMODERN
CONSTRUCTION
CASE STUDIES
Emerging Innovation in Building Techniques
ANDREW WATTS
Birkhäuser
Basel
INTRODUCTION COMPLEX GEOMETRY
Foreword 4 1 Galaxy Soho 24
Beijing, China.
Scope of this book 5
Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects
Comparison of projects 6
Current and emerging technologies 10
Design method and project management 13
Analysis method and scientific foundations 16
Design implementation and research method 21
2 Evolution Tower 34
Moscow, Russia.
Architect: RMJM
3 Hotel 44
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Architect: Gensler
4 Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre 56
Baku, Azerbaijan.
Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects
5 Burjuman Tower 66
Dubai, UAE.
Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox
6 Burj Alshaya 76
REFERENCES
Kuwait City, Kuwait.
Architect: Gensler
Authorship 220
Index 222
Further reading 223
CONTENTS
INNOVATIVE CONSTRUCTION ENHANCED PERFORMANCE
7 Dance & Music Centre 88 13 Burjuman Apartments 156
The Hague, Netherlands. Dubai, UAE.
Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox
8 K. Çamlica TV Tower 98 14 KAFD Metro 166
Istanbul, Turkey. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Architect: Melike Altinisik Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects
9 Meixihu IC&A Centre 110 15 Grand Théatre 178
Changsha, China. Rabat, Morocco.
Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects
10 Federation Square 122 16 The Avenues 190
Melbourne, Australia. Kuwait City, Kuwait.
Architect: LAB Architecture Architect: Gensler
11 New Port Centre 132 17 Stone Towers 200
Doha, Qatar. Cairo, Egypt.
Architect: LLewelyn Davies Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects
12 City Museum Istanbul 144 18 Holland Park School 210
Istanbul, Turkey. London, England.
Architect: Salon Architects Architect: Aedas
INTRODUCTION
Foreword
Building envelope engineering (also known as facade engineering) is a
relatively recent discipline in its own right, but one that is growing rapidly.
It involves the application of engineering principles and technology to
address aesthetic, environmental and structural issues in order to
achieve an effective enclosure of buildings with the minimum amount of
materials, energy and cost.
Building envelopes have a significant impact on the performance and
cost of the buildings they enclose and on the people that inhabit them and
there is a very large and growing number of building envelope materials
and technologies that can be deployed in their design and construction.
It is therefore not surprising that the building envelope engineer has
become a valued member of the building design and construction team.
There are some good texts available on building envelope engineering
in general and on designing with specific building envelope materials
and technologies, but the building engineering design process is rarely
treated. Yet this is as important as detailed design formulae. This book
provides a rare insight into the engineering design process for building
envelopes and is a very welcome addition to the broader building
engineering texts.
The book puts forward an alternative approach for the engineering design
of building envelopes which use emerging technologies, particularly
ones with complex geometry, and it explains how this approach differs
from the conventional building engineering design approach. The new
approach adopts some of the design processes commonly used in
product development and involves the use of research and development
and digital tools in the early stages of design, thereby achieving a higher
degree of design resolution at the critical early stages of design.
The principles of this alternative design approach are described in
four insightful essays in the first part of the book. This is followed by
18 building envelope case studies engineered by Newtecnic, which are
used to illustrate how the principles of the alternative design approach
are applied to challenging real-world projects.
The overall result is a very impressive array of building envelope solutions
and a clear and novel method of how these were achieved. I have no
doubt this book will be of great value to budding and seasoned building
envelope engineers alike, and I recommend it to you.
Dr Mauro Overend
Director, Glass & Facade Technology Research Group
Department of Engineering
University of Cambridge
United Kingdom
MCCS_4
Modern Construction Case Studies focuses on the interface between
the design of facades, structures and environments of 18 building
projects. In all cases, Newtecnic have developed innovative aspects of
the facade design alongside the architects and their design team.
The primary aim of the book is to compare facade technologies,
particularly in the way they interface with structure and MEP (mechanical,
electrical, plumbing services) in complex projects, and to provide insights
into the design process for building envelopes, by exploring specific
themes through case studies of live or completed projects.
Each envelope technology is described with a particular emphasis on
three aspects:
• Complex geometry
• Innovative construction
• Enhanced performance
For each case study presented in the book, only one aspect is
investigated in more detail, although all 18 case studies show strong
components of all three aspects of facade technology. The comparative
analysis, which follows this introduction, links the 18 case studies by
comparing their structural and environmental performance through
tables and graphs. These comparisons are used to illustrate trends
across complex projects, for which each design is significantly different.
This aim is achieved by analysing typical bays which are representative
of each project and which illustrate the implications of using different
building envelope technologies.
The design methodology, developed by Newtecnic and used to design
each of the case studies, is explained through the introductory essays.
These texts explore eight core themes: Current Technologies, Emerging
Technologies, Design Method, Project Management, Analysis Method,
Scientific Foundations, Design Implementation, Research Method. Eight
case studies have been selected to illustrate each of these themes. The
structure of the book has been devised to provide useful material that
allows the reader to draw parallels between the 18 projects, rather
than attempting to classify them according to different categories,
which is not the intent of the book.
The principles described in this book are presented as a palette of
design tools which are applicable to the design process for building
projects with external envelopes of complex geometry. The application
of this approach to each new design is project-specific and inherently
dependent upon the specific function and spatial organisation of
each building, and consequently cannot be generalised to a simple
set of steps. Newtecnic hopes that the reader will find the content of
use in their own engineering design work, as well as benefiting from the
project comparisons which are also set out in this book.
MCCS_5
INTRODUCTION
Comparison of projects
A primary objective of the Modern Construction Case Studies is to provide a comparative analysis of different facade technologies used for complex
geometry building envelopes, in relation to the climate and environment where they have been implemented on each project.
Project Facade system* Facade bracket type
1 Galaxy Soho Floor-to-ceiling stick glazing. Serrated plates; post-drilled anchorages.
2.a Evolution Tower Atrium full-height inclined glazing. Spider bracket with four adjustable arms.
2.b Evolution Tower Twisting unitised glazing. Serrated plates; post-drilled anchorages.
3.a Hotel Riyadh Vertical full-height glazing with FRP cladding. Serrated plates; post-drilled anchorages.
3.b Hotel Riyadh Curved glazed roof with FRP shading louvres. Spider bracket with four adjustable arms.
Heydar Aliyev Cultural Serrated plates, castings and machined components;
4 GRP open-jointed rainscreen.
Centre mechanically fixed.
5 Burjuman Tower Unitised glazing with external aluminium shading louvres. Cast aluminium brackets, bolted through unitised joints.
6.a Burj Alshaya Full height cable-glass facade. Spider brackets with two adjustable arms.
6.b Burj Alshaya Unitised glazing with external aluminium shading diamonds. Serrated plates; post-drilled anchorages.
7 Dance & Music Centre Curved glazing set between FRP clad primary structure. Serrated and welded plates; post-drilled anchorages.
8 K. Çamlica TV Tower Opaque and glazed unitised panels with GRC rainscreen. Serrated plates; post-drilled anchorages.
9 Meixihu IC&A Centre Thin open-jointed GRC rainscreen on steel frame. Serrated plates and threaded tubes; welded and bolted.
Open-jointed rainscreen incorporating glazing, sandstone
10 Federation Square Spider bracket with three adjustable arms.
and perforated aluminium.
11 New Port Centre Fish-scale glazed roof on steel structure. Spider bracket with four adjustable arms.
12.a City Museum Istanbul Full-height glazed facade with external aluminium mesh. Serrated plates; welded and bolted.
12.b City Museum Istanbul Aluminium rainscreen supported on steel framed wall. Serrated plates; welded and bolted.
13 Burjuman Apartments Stick glazing with external movable aluminium shading. Serrated plates; welded and bolted.
Opaque composite panels with glazing insets and UHPC
14 KAFD Metro Spider bracket with four adjustable arms.
open-jointed rainscreen.
15.a Grand Théatre de Rabat Monolithic open-jointed GRC rainscreen on concrete. Serrated plates, threaded tubes; welded and bolted.
15.b Grand Théatre de Rabat Monolithic open-jointed GRC rainscreen on steel. Serrated plates, threaded tubes; welded and bolted.
16.a The Avenues Full-height stick glazing. Serrated plates; welded and bolted.
16.b The Avenues FRP open-jointed rainscreen. Serrated plates; welded and bolted.
17.a Stone Towers Sprayed GRC used as permanent formwork. -
17.b Stone Towers Unitised glazing with GRC shading louvres. Serrated plates; welded and bolted.
18 Holland Park School Full-height stick glazing with external copper louvres. Serrated plates; welded and bolted.
*refer to pages describing the structural design for each project for illustrations of the facade build-up
Weight Weight of facade vs. facade zone
(kN/m2)
4.00
The area of each circle is
proportional to the number of
components in each facade fixing
3.50
7 system, and represents the
complexity of the assembly utilised.
3.00
8
10
2.50
18
2.00 15.b 14
3.b
17.b
17.a
1.50 15.a
3.a9 12.a
6.b 11
1.00 12.b 4
2.a
2.b 13 5
0.50 16.a 1 6.a
16.b
0
100 1000 10000
Facade zone (mm)
MCCS_6
The 18 case studies illustrated in the book have been compared in the tables and graphs below in terms of the environmental and structural
performance of their building envelope. The numerical result used for the comparison have been obtained from the analysis performed on each
project. Each facade technology, designed to suit all project conditions, has been assessed on a representative typical bay in order to compare fa-
cade systems across projects. The numerical values provided in this book are for comparison only and are not directly applicable to other projects.
Facade zone Primary structure type Secondary structure type Weight of secondary Total weight of facade, including
structure (kN/m²) secondary structure (kN/m²)
270 mm Concrete slabs. Extruded aluminium profiles. 0.14 0.54 1
370 mm Concrete slabs. CHS steel sections, cables. 0.28 0.88 2.a
230 mm Concrete slabs. Extruded aluminium profiles. 0.08 0.63 2.b
975 mm Concrete slabs. CHS steel sections. 0.30 1.44 3.a
Up to 3000 mm CHS steel sections. RHS steel sections. 0.52 1.89 3.b
550 mm Steel tubular space-frame. CHS steel sections. 0.20 1.15 4
1300 mm Concrete slabs. Extruded aluminium profiles. 0.10 0.64 5
315 mm Concrete slabs. Cable truss. - 0.51 6.a
400 mm Concrete slabs. Extruded aluminium profiles. 0.08 1.20 6.b
1150 mm Concrete slabs. I and H steel sections. 2.44 3.42 7
Up to 7000 mm Concrete core and slabs. SHS steel sections. 1.33 2.83 8
1000 mm Steel I sections. CHS steel sections. 0.60 1.43 9
335 mm Steel moment frame. Steel framed wall, cold formed profiles. 0.20 2.61 10
500 mm Steel arches and tubes. Steel T profiles. 0.25 1.22 11
Up to 1500 mm Concrete slabs. RHS steel sections. 0.47 1.36 12.a
480 mm Composite concrete slabs. Steel framed wall, cold formed profiles. 0.22 1.05 12.b
1150 mm Composite concrete slabs. Aluminium plates and profiles. 0.17 0.65 13
1670 mm Steel gridshell. RHS steel sections. 0.44 1.99 14
425 mm Concrete shell. - - 1.52 15.a
700 mm Steel moment frame. CHS steel sections. 0.30 2.04 15.b
230 mm Steel space frame. Aluminium extruded profiles. 0.06 0.54 16.a
325 mm Steel space frame. Steel box sections. 0.07 0.31 16.b
130 mm Concrete wall. - - 1.52 17.a
950 mm Concrete columns. Aluminium box sections. 0.10 1.65 17.b
Up to 2000 mm Concrete slabs. Steel box sections and T sections. 0.19 2.21 18
Weight of facade vs. weight of secondary structure
Weight
(kN/m2)
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0
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MCCS_7
INTRODUCTION
Comparison of projects
Linear thermal bridging
U-value of system Annual cumulative radiation -
effect for system typical Total glazed area
Project envelope Total on glazed area
detail (m2)
(W/m2K) (MWh)
(W/mK)
1 Galaxy Soho 1.12 0.26 10,490 15,270
2 Evolution Tower 1.49 0.34 1,090 1,770
3 Hotel Riyadh 0.81 0.38 11,780 10,890
4 Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre 0.23 0.39 7,650 2,580
5 Burjuman Tower 1.24 0.25 13,420 5,600
6 Burj Alshaya 1.29 0.34 8,670 5,060
7 Dance & Music Centre 1.75 0.45 17,380 8,210
8 K. Çamlica TV Tower 1.44 0.91 1,420 690
9 Meixihu IC&A Centre 0.23 0.26 850 340
10 Federation Square 0.25 0.11 2,230 1,300
11 New Port Centre 0.23 0.18 3,150 3,310
12 City Museum Istanbul 0.25 0.15 3,460 8,950
13 Burjuman Apartments 0.51 0.11 6,140 2,520
14 KAFD Metro 0.23 0.09 6,060 4,400
15 Grand Théatre de Rabat 0.94 0.30 2,090 4,100
16 The Avenues 1.23 0.36 7,900 12,930
17 Stone Towers 1.49 0.44 2,310 1,740
18 Holland Park School 0.94 0.38 5,330 2,770
U-value of system envelope vs thickness of insulation layer
2.00
The area of each circle is
1.80 proportional to the percentage
7 of the envelope system U-value
determined due to framing
1.60 elements.
K)
2m 8 2 17
/ 1.40
W
ope ( 1.20 16
envel 5 1 6
em 1.00 15 18
st
of sy 0.80 3
e
u
al 0.60
U-v 13
0.40
9
4 11
0.20 10 12
14
0.00
0 50 150 200 250
Thickness of insulation
layer (mm)
The relationship of inverse proportionality between U-value of each envelope system
and thickness of the main insulating layer is illustrated in the graph, which also shows
the potential effects of thermal bridging within more complex system assemblies.
MCCS_8
Geometry of external shading (I/L)
Annual cumulative radiation - Reduction in annual
Average on glazed area solar gain by shading
(MWh/m2) system (%)
1.5 0.61 - - 74 1
1.6 - - 0.20 20 2
0.9 0.53 - - 24 3
0.3 0.32 - - 57 4
0.4 - 0.44 - 31 5
0.6 - 0.63 - 48 6
0.5 - 0.28 - 63 7
0.5 0.33 - 38 8
0.4 1.35 - - 27 9
0.6 - - 0.56 89 10
1.1 0.19 - - 3 11
2.6 0.59 - - 32 12
0.4 - 3.00 - 75 13
0.7 0.30 - - 43 14
2.0 0.41 - - 15 15
1.6 0.25 - - 30 16
0.8 0.50 - - 35 17
0.5 1.60 - - 48 18
Effectiveness of external solar shading systems
100
n
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r 80 1 effectiveness 13
7
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uction in aolar gain ( 40 8 14 6 18
eds 17
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3
2
20
15
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e 0
r
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 3.00
Smaller Geometry Larger
shading of external shading
elements shading (I/L) elements
The linear relationship between the geometry of external shading and the reduction in
annual solar gain illustrates the expected effectiveness of external shading systems and
allows to identify areas on the graph that represent shading systems with high effectiveness.
MCCS_9
INTRODUCTION
Current and emerging technologies
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SCCSESCHENEHHNINIOIAIIOIAROARR RAR R ASAASASSA SOST OTCOTOCICOAIOIASTASTESTIEEII CSSCECSAENEAANINROIRIORROMRM RMA AESAESESSLSLOSLOOCOOOCI CAGI IA TGAGTEATEAEALLLAAANNNTTTEEE
cost critMeMMSSCSCECrENENGNG GiI NI NIaGNG GB B SBS.CSC(C H((HOHTONONSNS)S)h) e BMBMdSBMCSCCSICBCI(CBISHB((SHeEOSHEONEONSNS)tS )D) D MDaMMSSCSCECiENENlGNG GsI NI NIGNG GC C ECENcENGNG G ontained in these publications are often used engineering community. Peer-reviewed publications are concerned with
by the facade engineer as a point of departure for facade system draw- methods of analysis using a given technology, not on the relative merits
ings. These publications typically require an experienced facade engi- of one technology against another. The objective of these publications is
neer to be able to extract relevant knowledge for use on real projects. to fill in the current gaps in knowledge of the members of the engineer-
The information available from these primary sources is also used by ing community in the application of current and emerging technologies.
architects as a library of visual references and precedent built projects. This technical information is combined with project-specific research,
Beyond these primary sources, a mix of standards, codes and in order to assess the appropriateness of each technology and to devel-
design handbooks are used for the specific design of components and op an understanding of constraints related to their fabrication. For
assemblies, such as those used for connections in steel frames or emerging technologies, this typically requires physical prototyping and
concrete frames, for example. These design handbooks do not provide testing to validate their project-specific application, which cannot be val-
guidance for the reader to evaluate the appropriateness of the technol- idated through desktop analysis only.
ogy nor do these publications provide a means of validating the choice For the case studies in this book, the design methodology applied is
of a specific technology for a design application. Technical sheets and focused on ensuring the appropriateness of the technology in relation
informal advice from fabricators are also a source of information for to a series of parameters that go beyond its technical application. In the
current technologies, which are often used as the basis for calculations approach used for the case studies, the technology deployed is linked to
during the design stage. The design is also often informed by informa- the values and culture determined by the geographic location of the pro-
tion provided by a specialist contractor and is specific to the project. ject and the common aspirations of that culture; linked to sustainability,
justification of the use of resources, local skills in fabrication, but with
Limitations of current methodology the global reach of these shared values taken into account. The tech-
These primary sources of information present information which nology utilised meets the expectations of the client and increases the
is focused on the application of current and emerging technologies to value of the product delivered. A detailed understanding of local markets
specific materials or to specific projects. From the project-specific appli- and associated fabrication methods builds confidence in the project and
cation of each technology, it is often impossible to extract information ensures its realisation. As part of project-specific research, Newtecnic
about the first principles driving its behaviour. Technical sheets from ensures that for each given project there are always at least two com-
manufacturers rarely provide sufficient data with the given technology panies that are both capable and interested in realising the project. An
to design from first principles and to verify their suitability for a specific important aspect is to generate interest in the design through the con-
application. Often technical information is presented to satisfy commer- struction of proof-of-concept mock-ups and by providing a high level of
cial objectives and there is no method in place for the facade engineer design resolution, which shows direct engagement with the fabrication
to ensure the correctness or completeness of the information utilised. process. Part of this approach is to ensure that smaller local companies
Direct contact with specialist fabricators, manufacturers or contrac- are able to realise and are willing to construct the design. The technical
tors does not often result in the designer developing an understanding publications which are used at the primary sources of information on
of the general principles and common methods used, as manufacturers building technology do not typically seek to engage with specific issues
tend to guard such technical information as being key to the commercial of resolution of any completed building but instead make comparisons
value of their specific product. Fabricators are also often not willing to with other specific design solutions which are based on the adaptation
provide design advice as a result of similar commercial considerations. of available industrial processes to building construction. Emerging tech-
nologies are often based on new methods of fabrication. For the case
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