Modern China: Continuity and Change, 1644 to the Present

653 Pages·2019·38.602 MB·English

by  Bruce A. Elleman, S C Paine

Modern China

Modern China
Continuity and Change,
1644 to the Present
Second Edition
B A. e
ruce llemAn
U.S. N W C
aval ar ollege
S. c. m. P
Aine
U.S. N W C
aval ar ollege
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Elleman, Bruce A., 1959– author. | Paine, S. C. M., 1957– author.
Title: Modern China : continuity and change, 1644 to the present / Bruce A. Elleman,
U.S. Naval War College; S. C. M. Paine, U.S. Naval War College.
Description: Second edition. | Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, [2019] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018039884 (print) | LCCN 2018044312 (ebook) | ISBN 9781538103876
(ebook) | ISBN 9781538103852 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781538103869 (pbk. :
alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: China—History
Classification: LCC DS754 (ebook) | LCC DS754 .E55 2019 (print) | DDC 951—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018039884
™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for
Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Printed in the United States of America
To Charlotte Ann and Thomas Smith Elleman
with love, respect, and gratitude
Brief Contents
List of Maps xv
List of Features xvii
List of Tables xix
List of Figures xxi
List of Photographs xxii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxix
Technical Note xxx
Introduction: A Cultural Framework for Understanding China 1
PART I: THE CREATION AND MATURATION OF AN EMPIRE, 1644–1842 29
1 The Creation of the Qing Dynasty 35
2 The Maximization of Empire under the Qianlong Emperor 55
3 Chinese Society at the Zenith of the Qing Dynasty 73
4 The Foundations of Knowledge 87
5 The Arrival of the West 101
6 Systemic Crisis and Dynastic Decline 117
7 Expanding Commercial Relations with the West 133
PART II: DYNASTIC DECLINE AND COLLAPSE, 1842–1911 151
8 Civil War and Foreign Intervention 157
9 Quelling Domestic Rebellions 175
10 The Self-Strengthening Movement and Central Government Reforms 193
11 Attacks on Chinese Sovereignty 209
12 The First Sino-Japanese War 225
13 The Attempt to Expel the Foreigners: The Boxer Uprising 243
14 The 1911 Revolution 259
vi
BRIEF CONTENTS vii
PART III: THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD, 1912–49 275
15 The Founding of the Republic of China 281
16 Versailles and Its Aftermath 299
17 New Intellectual Currents 313
18 The Nationalist-Communist United Front 333
19 The Nanjing Decade 351
20 The Second Sino-Japanese War 371
21 The Civil War: Nationalists versus Communists 389
PART IV: CHINA AND TAIWAN IN THE POSTWAR ERA 411
22 The Communist Victory 417
23 The Korean War 433
24 Mao’s Quest for World Leadership 447
25 The Cultural Revolution 465
26 The Deng Xiaoping Restoration 483
27 From Tiananmen to Xi Jinping 503
28 The Mandate of Heaven 527
Conclusion: China in Transition 553
Appendix A: Geographical Names by Transliteration System 571
Appendix B: Pinyin–Wade-Giles Conversion Table 575
Teaching References 579
Photo Credits 585
Name Index 587
Subject Index 595
About the Authors 620
Contents
List of Maps xv
List of Features xvii
List of Tables xix
List of Figures xxi
List of Photographs xxii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxix
Technical Note xxx
Introduction: A Cultural Framework for Understanding China 1
Top-Down Characteristics: Confucianism, Militarism, Legalism, and Sinification 3
Radial Characteristics: Sinocentrism, Barbarian Management, and the Provincial System 9
Bottom-Up Characteristics: Daoism, Buddhism, and Poetry 12
Cyclical Elements: Yin and Yang, the Dynastic Cycle, and Historical Continuity 16
Retrospective Elements: Fate and the Sources of Knowledge 21
Conclusions 25
Notes 27
Bibliography 27
PART I: THE CREATION AND MATURATION OF AN EMPIRE, 1644–1842 29
1 The Creation of the Qing Dynasty 35
The Ming Dynasty 35
The Qing Conquest of Ming China: Nurgaci and His Successors 38
Grafting the Manchus onto Han China under the Shunzhi Emperor 41
Territorial Consolidation under the Kangxi Emperor 44
Institutional Consolidation under the Yongzheng Emperor 45
Conclusions 49
Notes 51
Bibliography 51
viii
CONTENTS ix
2 The Maximization of Empire under the Qianlong Emperor 55
The Conquest of the Zunghar Mongols 56
The Conquest of the Tarim Basin and Tibet 58
Qing Imperial Administration: The Tributary System 60
Domestic Administration: Central and Local Government 61
The Economy of an Empire: Agriculture, Commerce, and Taxation 65
Conclusions 69
Notes 69
Bibliography 70
3 Chinese Society at the Zenith of the Qing Dynasty 73
Manchu and Han Society 73
The Four Social Groups: Scholars, Peasants, Artisans, and Merchants 77
The Legal System 79
Confucianism as an Ideology 81
Shamanism, Confucianism, and Buddhism as Instruments of Manchu Rule 82
Conclusions 84
Notes 85
Bibliography 85
4 The Foundations of Knowledge 87
Fidelity to the Past 87
The Confucian Classics 89
Thinking by Historical Analogy 91
Understanding the Natural World 95
The Examination System 96
Conclusions 98
Notes 99
Bibliography 99
5 The Arrival of the West 101
Early Explorers 101
The Maritime Advance: Portugal, Spain, Holland, and England 104
The Continental Advance: Russia 107
The Legal and Religious Sources of Cultural Conflict 109
The Technological Revolution 112
Conclusions 113
Notes 114
Bibliography 115
6 Systemic Crisis and Dynastic Decline 117
Government Corruption and Manchu Decadence 117
Population Growth, Ethnic Tensions, and the Miao Revolt 121
The White Lotus Rebellion and the Eight Trigrams Revolt 124
Imperial Overextension 126
Qing Attempts to Restore Governmental Efficacy 127
Conclusions 130
Notes 131
Bibliography 131