Modern Biotechnology: Connecting Innovations in Microbiology and Biochemistry to Engineering ...

462 Pages·2010·2.65 MB·English

MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Connecting Innovations in Microbiology
and Biochemistry to Engineering
Fundamentals
Nathan S. Mosier
Michael R. Ladisch
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY

MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Connecting Innovations in Microbiology
and Biochemistry to Engineering
Fundamentals
Nathan S. Mosier
Michael R. Ladisch
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Copyright© 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise,
except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either
the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate
per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 (978)
750-8400, fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the
Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at
http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts
in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this book and specifi cally disclaim any implied warranties of
merchantability or fi tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales
representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be
suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the
publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profi t or any other commercial damages, including
but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact
our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States
at [phone] or fax [phone].
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print
may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web
site at www.wiley.com.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Mosier, Nathan S., 1974-
Modern biotechnology : connecting innovations in microbiology and biochemistry to engineering
fundamentals / Nathan S. Mosier, Michael R. Ladisch.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-11485-8 (cloth)
1. Biotechnology. I. Ladisch, Michael R., 1950- II. Title.
TP248.2.M675 2009
660.6–dc22
2009001779
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
List of Illustrations xix
1 Biotechnology 1
Introduction 1
The Directed Manipulation of Genes Distinguishes the New
Biotechnology from Prior Biotechnology 2
Growth of the New Biotechnology Industry Depends on
Venture Capital 3
Submerged Fermentations Are the Industry’s Bioprocessing
Cornerstone 10
Oil Prices Affect Parts of the Fermentation Industry 10
Growth of the Antibiotic/Pharmaceutical Industry 11
The Existence of Antibiotics Was Recognized in 1877 11
Penicillin Was the First Antibiotic Suitable for Human
Systemic Use 12
Genesis of the Antibiotic Industry 12
Other Antibiotics Were Quickly Discovered after the
Introduction of Penicillin 13
Discovery and Scaleup Are Synergistic in the Development of
Pharmaceutical Products 15
Success of the Pharmaceutical Industry in Research, Development,
and Engineering Contributed to Rapid Growth but Also
Resulted in Challenges 15
Growth of the Amino Acid/Acidulant Fermentation Industry 16
Production of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) via Fermentation 17
The Impact of Glutamic Acid Bacteria on Monosodium
Glutamate Cost Was Dramatic 17
Auxotrophic and Regulatory Mutants Enabled Production of
Other Amino Acids 17
Prices and Volumes Are Inversely Related 19
Biochemical Engineers Have a Key Function in All Aspects of
the Development Process for Microbial Fermentation 21
v
vi
CONTENTS
References 22
Homework Problems 24
2 New Biotechnology 27
Introduction 27
Growth of the Biopharmaceutical Industry 28
The Biopharmaceutical Industry Is in the Early Part of Its
Life Cycle 31
Discovery of Type II Restriction Endonucleases Opened a New
Era in Biotechnology 33
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Is an Enzyme-Mediated,
In Vitro Amplifi cation of DNA 33
Impacts of the New Biotechnology on Biopharmaceuticals, Genomics,
Plant Biotechnology, and Bioproducts 34
Biotechnology Developments Have Accelerated Biological
Research 35
Drug Discovery Has Benefi ted from Biotechnology Research
Tools 36
The Fusing of Mouse Spleen Cells with T Cells Facilitated
Production of Antibodies 36
Regulatory Issues Add to the Time Required to Bring a New
Product to Market 36
New Biotechnology Methods Enable Rapid Identifi cation of
Genes and Their Protein Products 39
Genomics Is the Scientifi c Discipline of Mapping, Sequencing, and
Analyzing Genomes 39
Products from the New Plant Biotechnology Are Changing the
Structure of Large Companies that Sell Agricultural Chemicals 42
Bioproducts from Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
Will Become Economically Important to the
Fermentation Industry 43
References 45
Homework Problems 47
3 Bioproducts and Biofuels 49
Introduction 49
Biocatalysis and the Growth of Industrial Enzymes 49
Glucose Isomerase Catalyzed the Birth of a New Process for
Sugar Production from Corn 51
Identifi cation of a Thermally Stable Glucose Isomerase and an
Inexpensive Inducer Was Needed for an Industrial Process 53
The Demand for High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) Resulted
in Large-Scale Use of Immobilized Enzymes and Liquid
Chromatography 53
vii
CONTENTS
Rapid Growth of HFCS Market Share Was Enabled by Large-
Scale Liquid Chromatography and Propelled by Record-High
Sugar Prices 55
Biocatalysts Are Used in Fine-Chemical Manufacture 56
Growth of Renewable Resources as a Source of Specialty Products
and Industrial Chemicals 58
A Wide Range of Technologies Are Needed to Reduce Costs
for Converting Cellulosic Substrates to Value-Added
Bioproducts and Biofuels 59
Renewable Resources Are a Source of Natural Plant Chemicals 63
Bioseparations Are Important to the Extraction, Recovery, and
Purifi cation of Plant-Derived Products 64
Bioprocess Engineering and Economics 65
Bioseparations and Bioprocess Engineering 66
References 67
Homework Problems 71
4 Microbial Fermentations 73
Introduction 73
Fermentation Methods 75
Fermentations Are Carried Out in Flasks, Glass Vessels,
and Specially Designed Stainless-Steel Tanks 75
Microbial Culture Composition and Classifi cation 78
Microbial Cells: Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes 78
Classifi cation of Microorganisms Are Based on Kingdoms 81
Prokaryotes Are Important Industrial Microorganisms 81
Eukaryotes Are Used Industrially to Produce Ethanol,
Antibiotics, and Biotherapeutic Proteins 82
Wild-Type Organisms and Growth Requirements in
Microbial Culture 83
Wild-Type Organisms Find Broad Industrial Use 83
Microbial Culture Requires that Energy and All Components
Needed for Cell Growth Be Provided 86
Media Components and Their Functions (Complex and
Defi ned Media) 86
Carbon Sources Provide Energy, and Sometimes
Provide Oxygen 86
Complex Media Have a Known Basic Composition but a
Chemical Composition that Is Not Completely Defi ned 89
Industrial Fermentation Broths May Have a High Initial Carbon
(Sugar) Content (Ethanol Fermentation Example) 91
The Accumulation of Fermentation Products Is Proportional to
Cell Mass in the Bioreactor 92