Table Of ContentAstrophysics and Space Science Library 446
Diego F. Torres
Editor
Modelling
Pulsar Wind
Nebulae
Modelling Pulsar Wind Nebulae
Astrophysics and Space Science Library
EDITORIAL BOARD
Chairman
W.B.BURTON,NationalRadioAstronomyObservatory,Charlottesville,
Virginia,U.S.A.([email protected]);UniversityofLeiden,TheNetherlands
([email protected])
F.BERTOLA,UniversityofPadua,Italy
C.J.CESARSKY,CommissionforAtomicEnergy,Saclay,France
P.EHRENFREUND,LeidenUniversity,TheNetherlands
O.ENGVOLD,UniversityofOslo,Norway
E.P.J.VANDENHEUVEL,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
V.M.KASPI,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Canada
J.M.E.KUIJPERS,UniversityofNijmegen,TheNetherlands
H.VANDERLAAN,UniversityofUtrecht,TheNetherlands
P.G.MURDIN,InstituteofAstronomy,Cambridge,UK
B.V.SOMOV,AstronomicalInstitute,MoscowStateUniversity,Russia
R.A.SUNYAEV,MaxPlanckInstituteforAstrophysics,Garching,Germany
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5664
Diego F. Torres
Editor
Modelling Pulsar Wind
Nebulae
123
Editor
DiegoF.Torres
ICREA&InstituteofSpaceSciences
(IEEC-CSIC)CampusUAB
Barcelona,Spain
ISSN0067-0057 ISSN2214-7985 (electronic)
AstrophysicsandSpaceScienceLibrary
ISBN978-3-319-63030-4 ISBN978-3-319-63031-1 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-63031-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017954960
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Coverillustration:ThiscompositeimageoftheCrabNebula,asupernovaremnant,wasassembledby
combiningdatafromfivetelescopesspanningnearlytheentirebreadthoftheelectromagneticspectrum:
the Very Large Array, the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope, the XMM-Newton
Observatory, andtheChandraX-rayObservatory. Credit: G.Dubner(IAFE,CONICET-University of
BuenosAires)etal.;A.Lolletal.;T.Temimetal.;F.Sewardetal.;NASA,ESA,VLA/NRAO/AUI/NSF;
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Preface
This book contains a collection of reviews of specific aspects of the modelling
of nebulae by some of the experts in the field, intending to give a broad and
comprehensiveoverviewonthe topic.Particularly,thebookpaysspecialattention
to those areas for which reviews were not yet published. The aim of this book is
thentoprovideareferencepoint,usefulforresearchersinthefieldofpulsarwind
nebulaeandbeyond.
Thebookassesses,amongothers,thefollowingquestions:Whatkindofmodels
dowealreadyhave,andwhatkindsofmodelsareneededtoreachamoreprofound
understandingofnebulae?Canmodelsbecombined?Whicharethemostpromising
avenuesforunifyingmodelclasses?Cantheybemadeversatileenoughtointerpret
observationsofhundredsof sources?To whatextentare the resultsfromdifferent
radiative models comparable? What key features are they missing? Up to what
extentare time-dependentmodelswithoutspatial informationreliable/useful?Are
hybridhadronic/leptonicmodelsnecessaryformodellingnebulaeingeneral?What
isthebestcaseforahadronic-dominatednebula?Howcanwedifferentiatehadronic
fromleptonicnebulaeatanobservationallevel?Whatistheimpactofhybridmodels
and how can they be observationally tested? How do we move forward: What
featuresarethemodelsmissingtoaccountfortheforthcomingdata?
Thisbookwasconceivedatthe5thSantCugatForumonAstrophysicssession,
“ModellingNebulae”,heldonJune14–17,2016.Thisworkshopjoinedtogetheran
internationalgroupofexpertswiththeaimofassessingthetheoreticalstateoftheart
inmodellingpulsarwindnebulae.Itdidsoinviewofthecurrentandforthcoming
observationaldata,whichwerereviewed.
The Sant Cugat Forum on Astrophysics1 is a logistic and scientific framework
designed to host international meetings of scientists. The forum workshops focus
onaspecificaspectofastrophysicsandhaveadurationof3–4days.
1http://www.ice.csic.es/research/forum.
v
vi Preface
Sincesuchareferencebookwascurrentlylackingintheliterature,theScientific
OrganizingCommitteebelievedthisvolumecouldbeawelcomedadditiontoitand
helpedinplanningitscontents.
TheScientificOrganizingCommitteewasformedby
ElenaAmato(INAF/Obs.Arcetri,Italy)
AyaBamba(AoyamaUniversity,Japan)
EmmadeOñaWilhelmi(IEEC-CSIC,Spain)
JosephGelfand(NYUAD,UnitedArabEmirates)
SimonJohnston(CSIRO,Australia)
SergueiKomissarov(Leeds,UK)
AnatolySpitkovsky(Princeton,USA)
DiegoF.Torres(ICREA/IEEC-CSIC,Spain)
Asmainorganizeroftheworkshopandeditorofthisbook,itismypleasureto
thankthemall,togetherwithacknowledgingthehelpreceivedfromtheSantCugat
CityHall,ICREA,andIEEC.Ithankaswell,ofcourse,allspeakersandattendees
to the workshop for providing such a lively setting for discussion and learning. I
hopesomeofthatspiritisreflectedinthesepagesand,inturn,thattheyprovidea
usefulentryreadingtoatopicsoactiveanddiverse.
SantCugat,Spain DiegoF.Torres
March2017
Contents
1 RadioPropertiesofPulsarWindNebulae............................... 1
RolandKothes
1.1 Introduction........................................................... 1
1.2 BackgroundInformation............................................. 2
1.2.1 Pulsars....................................................... 3
1.2.2 PulsarWindNebulae....................................... 4
1.3 RadioEmissionfromPulsarWindNebulae ........................ 13
1.3.1 SynchrotronEmissionfromPWNe........................ 13
1.3.2 RadioSpectraofPWNe.................................... 14
1.3.3 SpectralBreaksinPWNe .................................. 16
1.4 MagneticFieldsinPWNe............................................ 18
1.4.1 MagneticFieldsinYoungPWNe.......................... 20
1.4.2 MagneticFieldsinEvolvedPWNe........................ 22
References.................................................................... 24
2 OpticalandInfraredObservationsofPulsarWindNebulae.......... 29
TeaTemimandPatrickSlane
2.1 Introduction........................................................... 29
2.2 PropertiesandEvolutionofPWNe.................................. 30
2.2.1 BasicProperties............................................. 30
2.2.2 PWNEvolution............................................. 32
2.3 OpticalandInfraredEmissionfromPWNe......................... 34
2.3.1 Non-thermalEmissionfromthePWN..................... 35
2.3.2 EmissionfromShockedSNEjecta ........................ 37
2.3.3 EmissionfromSN-FormedDust........................... 41
2.4 Summary.............................................................. 43
References.................................................................... 44
3 PulsarWindNebulaeViewedThroughtheGamma-RayEye......... 47
FabioAcero
3.1 Introduction........................................................... 47
3.2 UnidentifiedSourcesandPWNe .................................... 49
vii
viii Contents
3.3 TheHEtoVHEConnection......................................... 50
3.4 DemographyoftheGamma-RayPWNe............................ 51
3.4.1 FewYoungandEnergeticNebulae ........................ 52
3.4.2 ALargePopulationofOldand(Re)TiredNebula........ 53
3.5 PulsarWindNebulaeFlares ......................................... 55
3.6 MagnetarWindNebulae:MWNe ................................... 57
3.7 Conclusion............................................................ 58
References.................................................................... 59
4 ObservationalLinksBetweenFermi-LATPulsarsandTheir
Nebulae ...................................................................... 61
EmmadeOñaWilhelmi
4.1 Introduction........................................................... 61
4.2 High-EnergyPulsarsandTheirRelativisticWinds................. 64
4.3 BeyondtheWind:ThePulsarWindNebulae....................... 66
4.4 ConnectingPulsarsandPWNe...................................... 67
4.4.1 Distributionof LAT Pulsars and TeV PWNe
intheGalaxy................................................ 70
4.4.2 Energetics................................................... 72
4.5 NewTypeofPulsarsandPulsarWindNebula...................... 74
4.6 ProspectsandConclusions........................................... 78
References.................................................................... 78
5 ProspectsforPulsarWindNebulaeObservationswith(cid:2)-Ray
AstronomyFacilities:CherenkovTelescopeArrayandSatellites..... 81
GiovannaPedaletti
5.1 Introduction:AnOverviewoftheNext“gamma”Decade ........ 81
5.2 TheFutureofVHEAstronomy:CTA............................... 82
5.3 TheImpactofCTAonthePhysicsofPWN ........................ 86
5.3.1 CTAGalacticPlaneSurvey:AKeyScienceProgram.... 87
5.3.2 CTAEnergyDependentMorphologyandPWN
Identification................................................ 89
5.3.3 CTA,Crab,andItsFlares .................................. 90
5.4 Space-BorneDetectors............................................... 92
5.4.1 ImprovementinAngularResolution
andPolarimetricCapabilities .............................. 92
5.4.2 CombiningtheComptonandthePair-Production
DetectionTechnique........................................ 93
5.5 TheImportanceoftheMeV–GeVRangeforthePhysics
ofPWN ............................................................... 97
5.6 Summary.............................................................. 99
References.................................................................... 99
Contents ix
6 CrabObservationalStatus:Nebulae,Pulsations,andFlares.......... 101
RobertaZanin
6.1 Introduction........................................................... 101
6.2 CrabPulsar ........................................................... 102
6.2.1 TheRotationalFrequency.................................. 103
6.2.2 PulseProfile................................................. 103
6.2.3 Polarization ................................................. 104
6.2.4 GiantPulses................................................. 107
6.2.5 SpectralMeasurements..................................... 108
6.2.6 LessonsfromtheCrabPulsarObservations............... 110
6.3 CrabNebula .......................................................... 111
6.3.1 The“Halo”andtheCage................................... 112
6.3.2 MorphologicalMeasurements ............................. 113
6.3.3 SpectralMeasurements..................................... 117
6.3.4 TheGamma-RayFlares.................................... 120
6.3.5 PolarizationMeasurements ................................ 124
6.3.6 LessonsontheCrabNebula ............................... 126
References.................................................................... 127
7 PulsarStripedWinds ...................................................... 135
IwonaMochol
7.1 Introduction........................................................... 135
7.1.1 GeneralPicture ............................................. 135
7.1.2 Problems.................................................... 136
7.2 MHDPicture:StripedWinds........................................ 138
7.2.1 LaunchingfromaMagnetosphere......................... 138
7.2.2 TheStripedWindStructure................................ 141
7.3 ReconnectionandPulsedEmissionfromtheWind ................ 143
7.3.1 WhytheWindModel? ..................................... 143
7.3.2 RelativisticReconnectionandParticleAcceleration
intheWind.................................................. 145
7.3.3 ImplicationsforGamma-RaySpectraofPulsars ......... 149
7.4 MHD and Beyond: (cid:3)-Problem and the Structure
ofTerminationShocksofStripedWinds............................ 151
7.5 Summary.............................................................. 155
References.................................................................... 155
8 RadiativeModelsofPulsarWindNebulae .............................. 161
JosephD.Gelfand
8.1 Introduction........................................................... 161
8.2 One-ZoneModelsfortheEvolutionofaPWNInsideaSNR ..... 163
8.2.1 InjectionofRelativisticParticleandMagneticFields.... 163
8.2.2 EvolutionofParticlesandMagneticField
InsideaPWN............................................... 166
8.2.3 InteractionBetweenthePWNandSNR................... 171
