Table Of ContentModelling and Simulation of Power Generation Plants
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A. W. Ordys, A. W. Pike, M. A. Johnson,
R. M. Katebi and M. J. Grimble
Modelling and
Simulation of Power
Generation Plants
With 98 Figures
Spri nger -Verlag
London Berlin Heidelberg New York
Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
Barcelona Budapest
Andrzej Ordys, MScEE, PhD
Reza Katebi, BSc, MSc, PhD, MIEE, CEng, MIEEE
Michael A. Johnson, BSc, DIC, MSc, PhD, FIMA, CMath, MIEEE
Michael J. Grimble, BSc, BA, MSc, PhD, DSc, FlEEE, flEE,
FInstMC, FIMA, CEng, CMath
Industrial Control Centre
University of Strathclyde
50 George Street
Glasgow GllQE, Scotland, UK
ISBN-13:978-1-4471-2116-9 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4471-2114-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4471-2114-5
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or
review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this
publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any
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should be sent to the publishers.
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 1994
Sof'tcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy
of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or
liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
Typesetting: Camera-ready by authors
6913830-543210 Printed on acid-free paper
For their love and support
To my wife Anna and my children Szymon and Bartek
Andrzej Ordys
To my wife Niki, my sister Melissa, and to my Mother
and Father
Andrew Pike
To Eleanor and Laurence, and my Mother and Father
Michael Johnson
To my wife Haleh, and to my children Raha and Imaon
Reza Katebi
To Wendy, Claire and Andrew and my Mother and Father
Michael Grimble
FOREWORD
Many large-scale processes like refineries or power generation plant are
constructed using the multi-vendor system and a main co-ordinating
engineering contractor. With such a methodology. the key process units
are installed complete with local proprietary control systems in place.
Re-assessing the so called lower level control loop design or structure is
becoming less feasible or desirable. Consequently, future comp~titive
gains in large-scale industrial systems will arise from the closer and
optimised global integration of the process sub-units. This is one of the
inherent commercial themes which motivated the research reported in
this monograph.
To access the efficiency and feasibility of different large-scale system
designs, the traditional tool has been the global steady-state analysis and
energy balance. The process industries have many such tools encapsu
lated as proprietary design software. However, to obtain a vital and
critical insight into global process operation a dynamic model and
simulation is necessary. Over the last decade, the whole state of the art in
system simulation has irrevocably changed. The Graphical User Interface
(G UI) and icon based simulation approach is now standard with hardware
platforms becoming more and more powerful. This immediately opens
the way to some new and advanced large-scale dynamic simulation
developments. For example, click-together blocks from standard or
specialised libraries of process units are perfectly feasible now. For the
industrial user, some questions arise: is it really as easy as the enthusiasts
claim or do GUI based simulations have hidden development overhead
costs? Should a company invest the resources to refit and refurbish
existing software, or should it await the arrival of proprietary software
libraries? How large a dynamic simulation can be managed and run in
realistic time by the new GUl based software tools? The research
reported in this monograph was an exercise in system simulation
feasibility. A fairly large-scale process, a Combined Heat and Power plant
was devised and the task was to produce a dynamic simulation. Overall
the sum total of personnel input was about 40 person months of effort: this
includes all the preliminary research, review and documentation work.
viii Foreword
In the above discussion the generic features of the monograph have
been emphasised. However, the applications area for the research are
power generation plant, Combined Cycle and Combined Heat and
Power. The objective of this phase of the overall research programme
being the development of a process component software library where
the blocks implement dynamic models. The outcome is a prototype
simulation library of CC/CHP plants. The monograph covers all the
development stages of the simulation from obtaining suitable models and
assessing software tools to the construction of the simulation library and
validation of process models blocks. Many of the questions above
concerning the use of icon-based simulation tools were answered by the
experience reported in this development. The question of global
optimised power plant generation remains to be investigated in the
second phase of this project.
A word about the nature of the collaboration is in order. The research
is funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council of
the United Kingdom. Our companies John Brown Engineering Ltd
(Clydebank), a Trafalgar House Engineering Division Company and
Scottish Power pIc are collaborating with the Industrial Control Centre
of the University of Strathclyde in this research programme. Industry
university collaboration has some very useful benefits for both partners,
for example, the exchange of technical knowledge, and project manage
ment to industrial standards or bench marks. This current collaboration
continues a long and very fruitful association with the Centre at
Strathclyde.
5th May, 1994 Colin Cloughley
Control Systems Manager
John Brown Engineering Ltd
Roger Farnham
Senior Engineer
Technology Division'
ScottishPower pic
AUTHORS' PREFACE
The role of combined cycle and combined heat and electrical power
generation systems has become more important over recent years due to
both technological advances and the changing needs of the energy
market. The greater flexibility, high efficiency and the relatively low
capital cost of such systems has made them very attractive both for large
and small power producing agencies.
Modern advanced simulation tools enable such systems to be rapidly
analysed, aiding both the design process and the task of identifying
improvements to existing systems. However, there is a need for the
models to be ava:ilable and for these to have the right structure and form
to be useful in such simulations. Given a full simulation of such a power
system it is possible to consider supervisory control, total system
optimisation and also improved regulating loop controls. This mono
graph considers the first problem namely that of developing suitable
models and selecting the simulation tools. There is some consideration of
the control problem but this will be pursued in detail in a subsequent
monograph. In fact the simulation which has been produced by the
research enables different combined cycle and combined heat and power
systems to be configured and analysed.
The results to be described were generated from a Engineering and
Physical Sciences Research Council funded project with strong support
from John Brown Engineering Ltd and ScottishPower pic. Our thanks
are extended to Colin Cloughley and Roger Farnham, who have led the
collaborative project for their respective companies. _
The Monograph begins by considering the basic elements of CC and
CHP systems. Models are described for each of the main components. In
Chapter 2 the overall power generation control problem is considered
dealing both with the lower level regulating loops and the high level
supervisory control systems.
The important role of simulation tools is discussed in Chapter 3 and
their value for this type of application is considered. The results of a brief
review on different possible tools is presented.
x Authors' Preface
A hypothetical flexible power system model described as the Skegton
unit is considered in Chapter 4. This forms the basis of the major
simulation tool which emerges from the research. The models considered
in this section are for the major system components such as boiler, gas
turbine and steam turbine. The chapter also includes a discussion on the
control configurations used for the various subsystem components and
the use of MATRIX for simulating such systems.
x
Simulation results are then presented for individual subsystem com
ponents to demonstrate the validity of the results. "The research reported
in the Monograph will also be presented at a workshop to be given prior
to the IEEE Conference on Control Applications to be mounted in
Glasgow, Scotland in August, 1994.
Concluding remarks and a discussion on the way forward is presented
in the final Chapter.
5th May, 1994 Andrzej Ordys, Andrew Pike
Michael Johnson, Reza Katebi,
Michael Grimble
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Engineer
ing and Physical Sciences Research Council for the award of grant
GRlHl44431. The support of the Electro-Mechanical Engineering Com
mittee (Dr. Richard Liwicki, Secretary) and the continuing involvement
of Douglas Warne (Committee Consultant) is kindly acknowledged.
The industrial impetus for the research is provided by ScottishPower
pIc (East Kilbride) and John Brown Engineering Ltd (Clydebank). The
authors would like to thank Colin Cloughley (Control Systems Manager,
JBE), Roger Farnham (SP) and David Reardon (SP) for their enthusi
astic support, their managerial and technical input to the research.
The authors are very grateful for permission to publish the following:
• Fig. 1.11 - Permission kindly granted by Dr. John Waddington and
POWERGEN, Ratcliffe-on-Soar, Nottingham, NG 11 OEE, UK.
• Fig. 2.9 - Permission kindly given by Professor E. Welfonder,
Department of Power Generation and Automatic Control, The
University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
• The material of Chapter 3 has previously appeared as the article
Simulation Tools for the 90's by Andrew Pike and Michael Johnson,
published in Measurement and Control, July, 1994. The kind per
mission of the Editor, Mr. T. Hughes (Institute of Measurement and
Control) to reprint this material is kindly acknowledged.
• The authors would like to thank John McKendrick for the discussion
on Distributed Control System Architectures and permission to. use
Fig. 2.1 and 2.2.
The authors wish to thank Mrs. Ann Frood and Mrs. Sheena Dinwoodie
of the Industrial Control Centre for their excellent skills in typing the
monograph and drawing figures.
Finally, any extended research task requires considerable dedication
and this always leaves less time for family activities. The authors wish to
