Modelling and Prediction Honoring Seymour Geisser

494 Pages·1996·18.3 MB·English

by  Seymour Geisser (auth.), Jack C. Lee, Wesley O. Johnson, Arnold Zellner (eds.)

Multimedia Communications
and Video Coding
Multimedia Communications
and Video Coding
Edited by
Yao Wang, Shivendra Panwar,
Seung-Pil Kim, Henry L. Bertoni
and
Polytechnic University
Brooklyn. New York
Plenum Press. New York and London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
MultImedia communications and video coding I edited by Yao Wang ...
[et ai.l.
p. cm.
'"Proceedings of a symposium ... held October 11-13, 1995, at
Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York'"--T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8036-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-0403-6
DOl: 10.]007/978-1-4613-0385-5
1. Multimedia systems--Congresses. 2. Digital video--Congresses.
3. Coding theory--Congresses. I. Wang. Yao. 19S2-
QA7S.575.M78 1995
OOS.S--dc20 9S-21634
CIP
Proceedings of a symposium on Multimedia Communications and Video Coding,
held October 11 - 13, 1995, at Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8036-8
© 1996 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N. Y. 10013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996
All rights reserved
10987654321
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
This book constitutes the proceedings of the International Symposium on Multimedia
Communications and Video Coding (ISMCVC95) held October 11 - 13, 1995, at the Poly
technic University in Brooklyn, New York. This Symposium was organized under the aus
pices of the New York State funded Center for Advanced Technology in Telecommunications
(CATT), in cooperation with the Communications Society and the Signal Processing Society
of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).
In preparing this book, we have summarized the topics presented in various sessions of
the Symposium, including the keynote addresses, the Service Provider and Vendor Session,
the Panel Discussion, as well as the twelve Technical Sessions. This summary is presented in
the Introduction. 'Full papers submitted by the presenters are organized into eleven chapters,
divided into three parts. Part I focuses on systems issues in multimedia communications.
Part II concentrates on video coding algorithms. Part III discusses the interplay between
video coding and network control for video delivery over various channels.
The ISMCVC95 is the fifth in a series of recent symposiums organized by the Electrical
Engineering faculty of Polytechnic University to highlight topical areas of current research
interest. Previously, four symposiums have been organized under the auspices of the Weber
Research Institute, and dealt with:
Directions in Electromagnetic Wave Modeling; October, 1990
Ultra Broadband, Short Pulse Electromagnetics, I; October 1992
Ultra Broadband, Short Pulse Electromagnetics, II; May 1994
Integrated Optics: Devices and Modeling; October 1994
Two telecommunication workshops were organized under the auspices of CATT and in col
laboration with NYNEX. They were titled:
Network Management and Control Workshop; September, 1989
Second Network Management and Control Workshop; September, 1993
Proceedings of the above conferences and workshops were published in a format similar to
this volume by Plenum Press.
The organizers would like to thank the authors and invited speakers in the technical and
special sessions, as well as all the reviewers, for making the Symposium an exciting look into
the future of multimedia communication. We would also like to thank Ameena Mustafa and
Carletta Lino for their professional assistance in the conference administration.
YaoWang
Shivendra Panwar
Brooklyn, New York Seung-Pil Kim
Henry L. Bertoni
v
CONTENTS
Introduction - Scanning the Symposium. 1
I Multimedia Communications Systems
1 Multimedia Networks and Systems
Video On Demand: Killer App or Siren's Song? John J. Sie . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9
ATM-Based System Architecture for Multimedia Networking,
D. Raychaudhuri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
Kaleido: A System for Dynamic Composition and Processing of Multimedia Flows,
Abhaya Asthana, Mani Srivastava, and Venkatesh Krishnaswamy . . . . . .. 25
A Synchronous Multimedia Communication System over N-ISDN - Design and
Implementation of Networked Collaborative Environment,
Takashi Nishimum, Shigeki Masaki, and Kazunori Shimamum ........ 31
Distant and Local Aspects of Exchanging Real-Time Multimedia Information within
Distributed Classroom Communication Subsystem,
Lucia Gmdinariu and Patrick Prevot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
Analysis of MPEG-1 Video Transmission over a Shared Ethernet LAN,
Alan R. Bugos and Shuang Deng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
MPEG Video for LAN-Based Video Conferencing, Lurng-Kuo Liu . . 57
Suitability of TINA for VDT and Interactive Services, S. Devendm K. Verma. 63
A Multiway Talk Protocol, Hong Liu and Zhiqiang Zhang . . . . . . . 67
2 Performance Issues in Multimedia Networks
Effects of Smoothing on End-to-End Performance Guarantees for VBR Video,
Edward W. Knightly and Paola Rossaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Detection and Control of Bursty Video and Packet Data Traffic,
C. Thompson, V. Harpanahalli, S. Mulpur, and B. Jang . . . . . . . . . . .. 89
A Traffic Descriptor-Based Flow Control Scheme for Efficient Video Transmission
over ATM, Souhwan Jung and James S. Meditch . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
End-to-End QoS Management for Adaptive Video Flows,
Andrew Campbell, Alexandros Eleftheriadis, and Cristina Aurrecoechea . 105
A Dynamic Routing Scheme for Multimedia Traffic,
David Li and Nancy Crowther. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117
Resource Optimization in Video-On-Demand Networks,
Jeong-dong Ryoo and Shivendm S. Panwar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
End User Receptivity: An Important Factor in the Design of a Distributed Multi
media System, Ronnie T. Apteker, James A. Fisher, Valentin S. Kisimov,
and Hanoch Neishlos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133
3 Multimedia Synchronization
Synchronization Issues on Software MPEG Playback Systems,
Gabriel Zuniga and Ephraim Feig. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Adaptive Synchronization in Real-Time Multimedia Applications,
Changdong Liu, Yong Xie, Myung J. Lee, and Tarek N. Saadawi 147
vii
A Synchronization Mechanism for Multimedia Presentation,
Ying Cai and Grammati E. Pantziou . . . . . . . 157
4 Video Server Architecture and Implementation
Architecting Video-On-Demand Systems: DAVIC 1.0 and Beyond,
Alexandros Eleftheriadis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Business Video Server: The LAN/WAN Connections,
Mon-Song Chen, Shiow L. Huang, Chris D. Song, and Sharon H. Chen 171
The Block Allocation Problem in Video Servers,
William Tetzlaff and Robert Flynn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 179
A Movie-Scheduling Policy for Video-On-Demand Systems,
Sameer Dubey, Grammati E. Pantziou, and Nilay Sheth . . . . . . . . . . .. 191
Performance and Guaranteed Quality of Service for AT&T Multimedia Communi
cation Systems, Kabekode V. Bhat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 199
Architectural Trade-Offs for Implementing Video Encoders,
Cesar A. Gonzales and Elliot Linzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 209
II Video Coding
5 Object- and Model-Based Video Coding
Model-Based Video Coding - Some Challenging Issues,
Thomas S. Huang and Li-an Tang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Exploitation of Spatio-Temporal Inter-Correlation among Motion, Segmentation and
Intensity Fields for Very Low Bit Rate Coding of Video,
Aggelos K. Katsaggelos and Taner Ozt;:elik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223
Morphological Moving Object Segmentation and Tracking for Content-Based Video
Coding, Chuang Gu, Touradj Ebrahimi, and Murat Kunt . .......... . 233
Segmentation of Image Areas Changed Due to Object Motion Considering Shadows,
Jarn Ostermann ................................. . 241
Object-Scalable Content-Based 2-D Mesh Design for Object-Based Video Coding,
Yucel Altunbasak and A. Murat Tekalp ..................... . 247
A Region-Based Video Coder Using a Forward Tracking Active Mesh,
Yao Wang, Anthony Vetro, and Ouseb Lee . ......... . 257
6 Audio-Visual Interaction in Multimedia Communications
Automatic Lipreading Research: Historic Overview and Current Work,
Eric Petajan and Hans Peter Graf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 265
On the Production and the Perception of Audio-Visual Speech by Man and Machine,
C. Benozt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 277
Perceptual Quality Evaluation of Low-Bit Rate Model-Assisted H.261-Compatible
Video, Arnaud Jacquin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 285
Speech Assisted Motion Compensation in Videophone Communications,
Fabio Lavagetto . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .................... 294
Cross-Modal Predictive Coding for Talking Head Sequences,
Ram R. Rao and Tsuhan Chen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 301
1 Video Coding Algorithms
Time-Varying Motion Estimation on a Sequence of Images,
R. Leonardi and A. Iocco ............................. 309
A Logarithmic-Time Adaptive Block-Matching Algorithm for Estimating Large
Displacement Motion Vectors, Michael C. Chen and Alan N. Willson, Jr. .. 317
Pruned Tree-Structured Vector Quantization in the Higher Frequency Video Sub
bands, Chin-Hua Hsu and Robert E. Van Dyck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325
viii
A Cellular Connectionist Architecture for Clustering-Based Adaptive Quantization
with Application to Video Coding,
Lulin Chen, Chang Wen Chen, and Jiebo Luo ................. . 333
A Comparative Study of Existing Approaches for Moving Picture Fractal Coding
Using I.F.S., J.-L. Dugelay, J.-M. Sadoul, and M. Barakat . ......... . 341
8 Standards and New Directions of Video Coding
Status and Direction of the MPEG-4 Standard, Atul Puri . . . . . .. 349
A Rate-Constrained Encoding Strategy for H.263 Video Compression,
Thomas Wiegand, Michael Lightstone, T. George Campbell,
and Sanjit K. Mitra ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Stereoscopic Video Coding, Tihao Chiang and Ya-Qin Zhang .. 367
Compressed-Domain Content-Based Image and Video Retrieval,
Shih-Fu Chang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
III Interactions between Video Coding and Network Control
9 Video Transmission over ATM Networks
Statistical Analysis of MPEG2-Coded VBR Movie Source,
Daniel P. Heyman, T. V. Lakshman, and Ali Tabatabai . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Source Traffic Descriptor for VBR MPEG in A'fM Networks,
Jorge Mata and Sebastia Sallent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
GoP-Scale Rate Shaping for MPEG Transmission in the B-ISDN,
Maher Hamdi, James W. Roberts, and Pierre Rolin ............. . 401
Joint Encoder and VBR Channel Optimization with Buffer and Leaky Bucket Con
straints, Chi-Yuan Hsu and Antonio Ortega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 409
Modeling Two-Layer MPEG-2 Video Traffic,
Kavitha Chandra and Amy R. Reibman .................... . 419
Transport of Scalable MPEG-2 Video over ATM Based Networks,
Wenjun Luo and Magda El Zarki ........................ . 427
Distortion Policy of Buffer-Constrained Rate Control for Real-Time VBR Coder,
Jinho Choi .................................... . 435
10 Video Transmission over Wireless Networks
MPEG-2 Based Digital Video Transmission over Satellite Channels,
Kou-Hu Tzou ........................... . 443
Data Partitioning and Unbalanced Error Protection for H.263 Video Transmission
over Wireless Channels, Hang Liu and Magda El Zarki ............ . 451
A Real-Time Software Based End-to-End Wireless Visual Communications Simula
tion Platform, Andria H. Wong, Li-Fung Chang, Ming-Ting Sun,
Ting-Chung Chen,· and T. Russell Hsing .................... . 459
11 Video Coding for Time Varying and Lossy Channels
The Interaction of Source and Channel Coding in Wireless and Packet Video,
Martin Vetterli, Masoud Khansari, and Steve McCanne ........ . 467
Scalable Video Coding with Multiscale Motion Compensation and Unequal Error
Protection, Bernd Girod, Uwe Horn, and Ben Belzer . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 475
A Generalized Framework for Scalable Video Coding,
Susie J. Wee, Michael O. Polley, and William F. Schreiber . . . . . . . . . . 483
Digital Image Coding for Robust Multimedia Transmission,
Sheila S. H emami. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Enhancement of DCT-JPEG Compressed Images,
Kook Yeon Kwak and Richard A. Haddad 499
Index 507
ix
INTRODUCTION
- SCANNING THE SYMPOSIUM
The Editors
In his revolutionary experiments of 1895, Marconi achieved transmission of coded radio
signals over distances up to 2 km. Six years later, he succeeded in the first transmission
of telegraphic signals across the Atlantic from Cornwall to Newfoundland. The century that
followed has seen the introductfon of many new electronic communications services. Broadcast
radio and television have dramatically changed our perception and understanding of the world
we live in. As we enter the second century, another exciting communication service known
as multimedia is emerging, which involves integrated transmission of text, graphics, voice,
image, video, and computer data, between individuals, as well as in the broadcast mode.
The International Symposium on Multimedia Communications and Video Coding (ISM
CVC95) was organized to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Marconi's remarkable achieve
ment, and to foster the exchange of recent results and new ideas among researchers in various
fields of multimedia technology, especially telecommunications and video coding. It was also
intended to review the status of commercial developments in multimedia communications
systems, and to identify technological issues that are key to the future development of the
field. The conference consisted of an Opening Address, two Keynote Addresses, a Service
Provider and Vendor Session, a Panel Discussion on Environment for New Media Services,
and twelve Technical Sessions.
The Symposium opened with a review of the life and achievements of Guglielmo Marconi
by his daughter Gioia Marconi Braga, who is the Founder and Chairperson of the Marconi
International Fellowship Council. On this 100th anniversary of Marconi's first successful
transmission, it is important for us to note how his pioneering work in radio has led to the
era of instant global communications and how our lives depend on the fruits of his invention.
Starting with the sinking of the Titanic, where reception of radio distress signals saved 750
lives, electromagnetic communications has become a bridge between the individual and the
larger world; be it via radio, television or fiber optics.
While his earliest work was done in Italy, it was in England that Marconi received the
funding needed to bring his vision of communication across the Atlantic to fruition. It was on
December 12, 1901 that he succeed~d in transmitting Morse Code from Poldhu in Cornwall
to St. John's, Newfoundland. As a businessman he presided over the Marconi Company, and
built a network of wireless telegraph stations to provide worldwide communications. Prior to
his death he was working on an early form of radar. He died in 1937, and in tribute to his
Multimedia Communications and Video Coding
Edited by Y. Wang et al., Plenum Press, New York, 1996
memory, radio stations all over the world observed two minutes of silence. As we go forward
into the second century of telecommunications, it seems inconceivable that there might ever
again be period of worldwide radio silence.
Following these remarks, Robert W. Lucky of Bellcore, a recipient of the Marconi Inter
national Fellowship Award, delivered the Keynote Address entitled "The Prospect for Infinite
Bandwidth." Fiber optic technology has made it possible to provide subscribers with essen
tially unlimited bandwidth for communication. How this technology be deployed will depend
on potential applications, and on the willingness of users to pay. While video to the home
can justify high capacity in one direction, use of the Internet may be the driver for high
capacity connections both to and from the subscriber. Currently subscribers are construct
ing Web pages for others to browse. At one level, people establish pages out of the need or
desire to gain recognition. On another level, new ways of conducting business are developing
based on high capacity Internet connections. This approach may have distinct advantages
for small companies, since larger and more established companies may have no distinction in
this medium. As the joke goes, on the Internet no one knows you are a dog.
The economics of providing subscribers with high capacity two way connections remains in
question. The public will pay up front for the purchase of a computer, so that its manufacture
recoups its investment in a short time. However, the public expects the infrastructure cost of
connecting the computer to the telecommunication network will be recovered over a period of
many years. Even the willingness of subscribers to pay their share of the infrastructure cost
up front may not be adequate from the point of view of the telecommunication industry.
Curtis R. Carlson of David Sarnoff Research Center delivered the second keynote address
of the symposium, entitled "21st Century Communications: Vividness and Control". He
made a strong case for why vividness and control are the keys to any successful information
service. By vividness he means information matched to the human senses, and control implies
portability, choice and interactivity. He gave several examples where advances in vividness
or control or both were important in the successful introduction of a new product or service.
These include the increase in vividness in broadcast services, starting with radio to black and
white television to color television, but which have limited control. At the other extreme are
services such as the World Wide Web, which offers some vividness, but complete personal con
trol. Other examples of current and near future products that he predicted will be successes
include Hughes' DirecTV, head-mounted displays, High Definition TV (HDTV), personalized
advertising and video servers. Dr. Carlson closed by strongly urging that industry quickly
converge on standards to make some of these promising new products commercially successful.
The Service Provider and Vendor Session was chaired by Ivan Frisch from Polytechnic
University. The first speaker was John Sie, and his talk's title was, "Video on Demand: Killer
App or Siren's Song ?" He made the case for why switched video service from telephone
companies made no economic sense. His analysis is based on a revenue projection derived
from the market demand. He shows that the revenue from switched video services can only
cover a fraction of the expected price of the bandwidth and associated costs needed to deliver
these services. Thus telephone companies that went ahead and introduced video-an-demand
services would either have to subsidize this service using profits from other services, or would
be driven to bankruptcy! On the other hand, he believes that near-video-on-demand can be
2
profitable if delivered by cable or over the air. The details of his analysis are presented in the
first paper in Chapter 1.
Kingsley Nelson of NYNEX spoke on the subject of "The Multimedia Challenge." He
outlined the transition his company is facing as it moves from traditional telephone service
to all kinds of information services. He echoed Curtis Carlson's theme of the customers' need
for control over the services he or she gets. Services would have to be tailored to the needs of
customers in the future. At home, there will be a convergence of TVs and PCs into a single
appliance. Access to information services could be by wireless, cable TV or twisted-pair wire,
though NYNEX was investing heavily on one approach: Multichannel Multipoint Distribution
Service (MMDS). This wireless technology can deliver 100-150 video channels, and would be
introduced by NYNEX during 1996. In this new era, companies like NYNEX were forming
alliances with other content, software, hardware and service providers. He outlined joint
ventures with Pacific Telesis, Bell Atlantic, Viacom and CAl. Cable companies could prove
tough competitors to NYNEX in offering these services, but were burdened by debt.
Professor B. Gopinath of Rutgers University presented his views on "Operations and
Business Support System Issues in Multimedia Services." He believes that the time and cost
in developing operations and business support systems, such as network management, call
processing and billing, was the main road block in the introduction of multimedia services.
Currently the cost of a single line of code is $4 per month. This was in contrast to the
recent progress and cost performance improvements made in other areas such as video coding,
hardware, network optimization and algorithms. At the same time, services are getting more
specialized and complex, and thus economies of scale are no longer possible. In his opinion, the
challenges in network management have moved from network-centered algorithms to meeting
the needs of customers. He believes that new approaches and research are needed in this area.
Richard Baker of PictureT el made the point of his presentation, "Being Everywhere,
Now: Technology Trends in Desktop Visual Communications," in the way he presented it.
He used a PictureTel desktop videoconferencing system, projected on the auditorium screen,
to make a remote presentation from an office in the Boston area. A 128-Kbps ISDN line
was used to make the connection. He explained how desktop video-conferencing differed from
room-based video-conferencing, in terms of its significantly lower cost, use of standard PCs,
ISDN and LAN/WAN connections. Besides the technology, he also described the cultural
impact of desktop video-conferencing. He believed that it was a complement to, and not
a replacement of, face-to-face meetings. It made many interactions possible which were not
possible earlier. Application sharing on PCs was one such new possibility. Making the analogy
to the introduction of copying and fax machines, he believes that many of the uses that this
technology would be put to would be unexpected. His experience over the year that he
has been using desktop conferencing was that it liberated him from many time and space
constraints in his work.
The Panel Discussion on The Envir:onment for New Media Services was moderated by
Walter Johnston, NYNEX Science and Technology. Each of the panelists made a short
presentation followed by questions from the audience. Eli Noam, from Columbia University,
made a case for his views on two controversial issues. The first issue he discussed was the
mergers in the media industry. Examples ofthese were the merger of Westinghouse with CBS,
Time-Warner with TBS, and ABC with Disney. He claimed that these would be failures,
3