modélisation de l'érosion et du transport sédimentaire sur les bassins versants soumis à un régime

278 Pages·2013·49.25 MB·French

MODÉLISATION DE L'ÉROSION ET DU TRANSPORT
SÉDIMENTAIRE SUR LES BASSINS VERSANTS SOUMIS À UN
RÉGIME DE MOUSSON DANS UN CONTEXTE DE GESTION
INTÉGRÉE DES RESSOURCES EN EAU
(MODELING OF EROSION AND TRANSPORTATION OF
SEDIMENT ON THE BASINS INFLUENCED BV THE MONSOON
REGIME, IN A CONTEXT OF INTEGRA TED MANAGEMENT OF
WATER RESOURCES)
par
Pham Thai Nam
Thèse présentée
pour l'obtention du grade de
Philosophiae doctor (Ph. O.) en sciences de l'eau
Jury d'évaluation
Examinateur externe: Georges Vachaud
Université Joseph Fourier CNRS
Examinateur externe: Aubert Michaud
IRDA
Examinateur interne: Monique Bernier
INRS-ETE
Directrice de recherche: Sophie Duchesne
INRS-ETE
Codirecteur: Jean-Pierre Villeneuve
INRS-ETE
Codirecteur: Babacar Toumbou
INRS-ETE
© Droits réservés de Pham Thai Nam, août 2013

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1 wish to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Sophie Duchesne for her supervision and
support throughout this work. The patient and enthusiasm she has was always inspirational
and motivational for me. 1 express my genuine gratitude to Prof. Jean-Pierre Villeneuve, for
his kindly instruction and support during my study.
1 am especially thankful to Dr. Toumbou Babacar and Dr. Kokutse Nomessi, for their devoted
assistances, from the formation of an idea to the end of the work. Their valuable suggestions
and corrections were the source of helping the work to advance.
A pleasure to express my thanks ta Sébastien Tremblay for his helpful assistance on model's
technical issues and to Suzanne Dussault for her help with ail the administrative details of my
study. 1 also extend my appreciation ta my friends, and colleagues for sharing me joy,
experience, and information on both professional and personal life.
This work is a part of contribution to the application of GIBSI system on the Cau River
watershed, within the context of a cooperative research project between INRS - Canada and
VAST - Vietnam. 1 would like to acknowledge the project's staff for providing of research
opportunity, supporting data collection, and sharing of information to my study.
An exceptional gratitude is to my father Pham Van Thanh, my mother Thai Hoa Thinh, and
my family members: Manh Cuong, Lan Phuong, Quang Anh, and Phuong Linh who always
showed their great loves, supports and encouragement. A special thanks to my wife Nguyen
Thi Ha, who accepted to accompany my journey and shared the good and bad moments of
my work. Finally, very special thanks must be given to a little angel, my daughter Pham Minh
Thu, who always greets me with smiles and joy as 1g et home from work.
Pham Thai Nam
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............••........................•..................•............................................. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........•................................................•..............................................v
LIST OF TABLES •............•.........................................•..................••............••..........................x i
LIST OF FIGURES ..................•.............................................................•••................••...........x iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................••..................••..............................x v
1. RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS DE LA THÈSE .............................•........................................... xvii
Il. THÈSE ...•..............•...............•..........................•....................•.•........••..................•................ 1
SUMMARY ..........••.....................................................•..............................................................3
1. Introduction ......................................................•..................•...............•...............................5
1.1 Rationale ......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Problematic and context of the research ....................................................................................... 6
1.3 Position of the thesis research in the application of GIBSI to the Cau River watershed ............... 7
1.4 Objectives of the research .............................................................................................................. 7
1.5 Originality of the thesis .................................................................................................................. 8
1.6 Plan of the report ........................................................................................................................... 9
2. Literature review ................................................•.................•.........................................•.•1 1
2.1 USLE and RUSLE models ............................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Watershed scale modeling ........................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Single-event models .............................................................................................................. 13
2.2.2 Continuous models ................................................................................................................ 14
2.3 Model calibration and validation ................................................................................................. 16
2.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 16
2.3.2 Applications of the calibration and evaluation of distributed watershed models ................ 18
2.4 Adaption, calibration and evaluation of erosive parameters in the USLE soil erosion model ..... 20
2.4.2 Soil erodibility ........................................................................................................................ 22
2.4.3 Topographie factor ................................................................................................................ 23
2.4.4 Soil cover management ......................................................................................................... 23
2.4.5 Soil conservation support practice ........................... ; ............................................................ 25
2.5 Studies on the application of soil erosion models into specifie climatic regions ......................... 26
2.6 Studies on soir erosion modeling and watershed scale management in Vietnam ....................... 27
3. Review of modeling tool and study area •....................................................................... 29
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3.1 Modeling tool: the GIBSI system .................................................................................................. 29
3.1.1 General structure of GIBSI ..................................................................................................... 29
3.1.2 Componential models in the GIBSI system ........................................................................... 30
3.1.3 Scenarios ............................................................................................................................... 31
3.1.4 Soil erosion model and criteria for the selection of the soil erosion model in GIBSI. ........... 32
3.1.5 Soil water erosion model MODEROSS in GIBSI ..................................................................... 33
3.1.6 Sediment transport model .................................................................................................... 42
3.2 Cau River watershed ..................................................................................................................... 49
3.2.1 Geographical and social-economical characteristics ............................................................. 49
3.2.2 Topography ............................................................................................................................ 50
3.2.3 Geology and pedology ........................................................................................................... 53
3.2.4 Meteorological and hydrological conditions ......................................................................... 53
3.2.5 Mineral resources .................................................................................................................. 57
3.2.6 Social, economic and environ mental conditions .................................................................. 57
3.3 Data availability for the application of integrated watershed management models on the Cau
River watershed .................................................................................................................................. 60
3.3.1 Map data ............................................................................................................................... 61
3.3.2 Monitoring data ..................................................................................................................... 61
3.3.3 Suspended solids data measurement in the Cau River watershed ....................................... 62
3.4 Technical requirements and orientations for the application, adaption and modification of the
soil erosion and transportation models to local condition ................................................................ 63
3.4.1 Database selection and parameter preparation ................................................................... 63
3.4.2 Adaption of theory and formula due to the climatic and terrain differences ...................... 63
3.4.3 Adaptation of theory and formula due to the local land use differences ............................. 64
4. Adaptation and calibration of models in GIBSI for the Cau River watershed ............. 65
4.1 Definitions of some expressions ................................................................................................... 66
4.2 Modifications and adaptations of the soil erosion model MODEROSS ........................................ 66
4.2.1 Modifications for erosivity factor (R) .................................................................................... 67
4.2.2 Adaptations for soil erodibility factor (K) .............................................................................. 68
4.2.3 Adaptation for topographie factor (LS) calculation ............................................................... 79
4.2.4 Modifications for the soil management factor (C) ................................................................ 81
4.2.5 The modification of factor P .................................................................................................. 87
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4.3 Modifications and adaptations of the sediment transportation model ROTO ............................ 89
4.3.1 Sediment re-entrainment ...................................................................................................... 89
4.3.2 Deposition of sediments ........................................................................................................ 90
4.4 Calibration and validation ............................................................................................................ 90
4.4.1 Sensitivity analysis, guidelines and procedure for calibration .............................................. 90
4.4.2 Analysis of the behaviour of observed SS data ................................................................... 114
4.4.3 Model calibration ................................................................................................................ 119
4.4.4 Result analyses .................................................................................................................... 122
4.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 130
5. Application and verification ........................................................................................... 133
5.1 Requirements ............................................................................................................................. 133
5.2 Tasks performed for adaptations / modifications ...................................................................... 134
5.3 Comparison of suspended sediment (SS) results with observed discharge ............................... 138
5.4 Response of organic phosphorus and organic nitrogen to the modifications in GIBSI .............. 139
5.4.1 Results of N and POrg ......................................................................................................... 140
org
5.5 Response of erosion and SS to the land use changes ................................................................ 143
5.5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 143
5.5.2 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 144
5.5.3 Sediment production in different land use scenarios ......................................................... 149
5.5.7 General comments on the influence of each zone on Sand SS .......................................... 158
5.6 Discussion and conclusion .......................................................................................................... 159
6. Conclusions, recommendations and perspectives ..................................................... 161
6.1 The tools ..................................................................................................................................... 161
6.2 The main challenges ................................................................................................................... 161
6.3 The requirements and tasks performed ..................................................................................... 162
6.4 Achievements ............................................................................................................................. 162
6.5 Recommendations and perspectives ......................................................................................... 164
6.6 Limitations and expectations for further studies ....................................................................... 166
7. List of references .........................................................................................................1 69
APPENDIXES ...........................••........................................................................••................ 179
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 181
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Appendix 2.1: Map of potential soilloss volume in Vietnam estimated using USLE model with the
erosive factors R, K and LS in the Northeastern part of Vietnam (adapted from Tran, 1998) ..... 181
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 183
Appendix 3.1: Models and features included in GIBSI (after Mailhot et al., 1997; Villeneuve et al.,
1998a; Duchemin, 2001) .............................................................................................................. 183
Appendix 3.2: List of possible urban, industrial, agricultural, land use, and river management
scenario parameters in GIBSI (Mailhot et al., 1997) .................................................................... 184
Appendix 3.3: The algorithm and structure of the runoff model HYDROTEL in GIBSI and example
of simulated river discharge at Gia Bay station in the Cau river watershed ................................ 185
Appendix 3.4: Mean monthly temperature in Bac Kan and Thai Nguyen provinces ................... 188
Appendix 3.5: Mean monthly humidity in the Cau River watershed from 2002 to 2004 (%) ..... 189
Appendix 3.6: Mean monthly and mean an nuai wind velocity in the Cau River watershed (m/s) .
...................................................................................................................................................... 189
Appendix 3.7: Mean monthly and annual rainfall in the Cau River watershed (mm) ................. 190
Appendix 3.8: Mean monthly and me an an nuai river discharge in the watershed (m3/s) ......... 190
Appendix 3.9: Overview of land use status in Thai Nguyen province (Thai Nguyen, 2007) ......... 191
Appendix 3.10: Calendar of crops and crop rotations for rice and vegetables for the upper and
lower regions of the Cau River watershed ................................................................................... 192
Appendix 3.11: Forest types and covering rate in the watershed ............................................... 193
Appendix 3.12: Data available in the Cau River watershed for the applications and verifications
related to the study ...................................................................................................................... 193
Appendix 3.13: Monitoring stations in the Cau River watershed ................................................ 195
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 197
Appendix 4.1: Synchronization of soil pedology classes in the Cau River watershed corresponding
to the USDA's soil texture classification. This map was adapted based on raw digital pedology
map from VAST (2010) ......................................................................................' . .......................... 197
Appendix 4.2: Analysis of mean monthly rainy days and rainfall for the Cau River watershed .. 198
Appendix 4.3: Irrigation zones in the Cau River watershed ......................................................... 199
Appendix 4.4: Stages specified and C values calculated for different land use classes in (a) upper
and (b) lower parts of Cau river basin in a year. .......................................................................... 200
Appendix 4.5: Sub-Cfactor variations estimated in the Cau River watershed in a year. Where:
(Cplu) = Prior land-use sub-factor; (Ccc) = Canopy cover sub-factor; (Csc) = Surface cover sub
factor; (Csr) = Surface roughness sub-factor; (Csm) = Soil moisture sub-factor; (C) = Cfactor
value ............................................................................................................................................. 202
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Appendix 4.6: Tables of tabulated P factors for contouring, strip cropping, and contour terracing
(after Wischmeier and Smith, 1978) ............................................................................................ 205
Appendix 4.7: Popular rice field and vegetation mixture field design in the Cau River basin ..... 207
Appendix 4.8: Land use classes and P values applied in the Cau River watershed ...................... 208
Appendix 4.9: Location of the selected river section and its associated USS 60 ......................... 209
Appendix 4.10: Expressions for the theoretical and the numerical relative variations in sensitivity
analyses of the soil erosion and sediment transport models ...................................................... 210
Appendix 4.11: Analysis of observed suspended sediment load data ......................................... 211
Appendix 4.12: Pictures showing activities on Cau River watershed during dry season ............. 217
CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................................ 221
Appendix 5.1: The PoPes model a) Procedures for simulation and transportation of nitrogen
model (Villeneuve et al., 1998a) .................................................................................................. 221
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