Modeling the Penetration of Multi-Species Aggressive Chemicals into Concrete Structures

216 Pages·2017·1.82 MB·English

University of Colorado, Boulder
CU Scholar
Civil Engineering Graduate Theses & Dissertations Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering
Spring 1-1-2010
Modeling the Penetration of Multi-Species
Aggressive Chemicals into Concrete Structures
Nattapong Damrongwiriyanupap
University of Colorado at Boulder, [email protected]
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(2010).Civil Engineering Graduate Theses & Dissertations. 35.
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MODELING THE PENETRATION OF MULTI-SPECIES AGGRESSIVE CHEMICALS
INTO CONCRETE STRUCTURES

By

NATTAPONG DAMRONGWIRIYANUPAP
B.Eng., Civil Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, 1998
M.Eng., Civil Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, 2001

A thesis submitted to the
Faculty of the Graduate school of the
University of Colorado in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering
2010
This thesis entitled:
Modeling the Penetration of Multi-Species Aggressive Chemicals
into Concrete Structures
written by Nattapong Damrongwiriyanupap
has been approved for the Department of
Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering

__________________________________
Yunping Xi
__________________________________
Victor Saouma
__________________________________
George Hearn
__________________________________
Sivaselvan Mettupalayam
__________________________________
Kevin Rens

Date__________________
The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that
Both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly
Work in the above mentioned discipline.
iii

Damrongwiriyanupap, Nattapong (Ph.D., Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering)
Modeling the Penetration of Multi-Species Aggressive Chemicals into Concrete Structures
Thesis directed by Professor Yunping Xi

Chloride is one of the aggressive chemicals that can threat to reinforced concrete
structures. This threat is aggravated by damage due to corrosion of reinforcing steel. Over the
years, there have been several models related to chloride diffusion in concrete for predicting the
service life of reinforced concrete structures subjected to chloride attack. These can be
mathematically characterized by diffusion equation based on Fick’s law and by sophisticated
transport theory, the Nernst-Planck equation. In this thesis, statistical, theoretical, and
experimental studies were conducted on the penetration of deicing salts into concrete structures
mainly focused on chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement.
A statistical study presented an analytic method based on a simple solution of one-
dimensional diffusion equation, Fick’s law, for predicting the probabilistic features of corrosion
initiation time of reinforcement in concrete structures subjected to chloride environments. A
theoretical modeling was conducted to investigate ion transport in concrete described based on
the physical model, the Nernst-Planck equation, which included diffusion mechanism due to
ionic concentration gradient and migration process due to electrostatic potential gradient. The
model considered the transport of not only chloride ion but also other chemical species involved
in the concrete pore solution such as hydroxyl, sodium, potassium, and calcium ions. Then, the
model was extended to study the effect of moisture and temperature on the transport of these
ions. The two coupled effects of moisture diffusion and chloride penetration; and heat flow and
chloride penetration were incorporated in the mathematical model. Several numerical examples
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were simulated and solved by the proposed models and the obtained results agreed very well
with the available test data. The results also showed the basic trends of ion transport in concrete
with various initial and boundary conditions. An experimental study on multi-species aggressive
chemicals diffusion in concrete was performed based on chloride ponding test. The penetration
rate of different chloride-based solutions related to deicers used for ice and snow control was
selected as a focus of this task. The experimental results obtained from this study showed that
chloride ingress into concrete is dependent on the cations associated in solutions.
DEDICATION

To my father and my mother
Kukiat and Bualee Damrongwiriyanupap
To my lovely wife and son
Anyamanee and Promkoon N. Damrongwiriyanupap
To the Damrongwiriyanupap family
To my teachers and professors
To all researchers
vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest appreciation and sincerest thanks to my advisor,
Professor Yunping Xi, for his guidance, support, mentorship, and encouragement during my
study in the University of Colorado at Boulder. His knowledge, conscientious advice, and hearty
help have given me invaluable experience and professional development.
Appreciation and grateful acknowledgement is extended to Professors Kaspar Willam,
Victor Saouma, George Hearn, Sivaselvan Mettupalayam, and Kevin Rens for serving on my
committee, reviewing this work, and providing suggestions and comments. Also, I would like to
thank Prof. Richard Regueiro for a discussion on computational techniques for finite element
simulation.
I am thankful to my parents and the Damrongwiriyanupap family for their unconditional
support, encouragement, and love. I cannot forget my wife who is the most important person of
the last four years of my study and life in Boulder, Colorado. She has been with and enabled me
to stand up throughout every difficult moment along this long road of achievement. It is your
endless love, unconditional support and patience that has sustained me throughout this long
journey. I would also like to thank you for the biggest present that you gave me for my birthday
this year, our little angel. He is the most precious present that I have ever received in my life.
I truly thank Prof. Nipon Rattanawangcharoen at the University of Manitoba, Canada, for
giving me an opportunity to study abroad. Without you, I would not have received the
scholarship from the Royal Thai government. I would also like to express my appreciation for
Associate Professor Chesada Kasemset, Professor Mondhol Sanguansermsri, Dr. Apiwat
vii

Oranratnachai, Dr. Kumpon Subsomboon, and Dr. Panu Puttawong for their help and
recommendations.
My sincere thanks to my colleagues and friends Dr. Soontaree Tanaraksiritavorn, Dr.
Suchart Limkatanyu, Okpin Na, Dr. Keun Kwang Lee, Dr. Daehung Kang, Dr. Suwito, Dr.
Wiwat Puatatsananon, Pania Meshgin, Dr. Weiping Zhang, Dr. Ayman Ababneh, Yu-Chang
Liang, Moad Isteita, Ali Kosarvi, Lindsay Nataniel, Renee Koller, Marty Bucher, Dr. Jirapa and
Ray Trochim, Dr. Tanarit Sakulyanonvittaya, Dr. Wasin Mallikamas, Wacharapong
Ratisukpimol, Nuttachai Sirihongthong, Ratiya, Scott, Pim, and Niel Edfors, Bobbi and Todd
King, Kosol and Pranom Kiatreungwattana, Amnuay, Rob, and Annika Winter, Gary and
Khambot Smith, Siranee, Mark, and Nicole Thompson, Natthavuth Tamang, Elizabeth and the
Howard family, as well as the Winkenbach family for their support, encouragement, and
friendship.
Finally, the financial support from the Royal Thai Government and under NSF grant
CMMI-0727749 to the University of Colorado and the University of New Hampshire are
gratefully acknowledged.
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CONTENTS

CHAPTER Page
1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….................. 1
1.1 Background Information …………………………………………........1
1.2 Thesis Objectives ……………………………………………………...3
1.3 Thesis Organization ……………………………………………….......4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………......6
2.1 Chloride Penetration into Concrete …………………………………...6
2.1.1 Chloride-Induced Steel Reinforcement Corrosion ……………6
2.1.2 Corrosion Mechanism of Steel Reinforcement …….................8
2.1.3 Chloride Threshold Value ……………………………………10
2.2 Statistical Analysis of Chloride Penetration into Concrete
Structures……………………………………………………………..12

2.3 Multi-Ions Diffusion in Concrete Structures………………………....14
3 A PROBABILISTIC PREDICTION MODEL FOR THE CORROSION
INITIATION TIME OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE
STRUCTURES………………………………………………………………19

3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………….19
3.2 Penetration of Chloride Ions in Concrete …………………................22
3.3 Probabilistic Analysis of the Corrosion Initiation Time ……………..32
3.4 Conclusions …………………………………………………………..38
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4 MULTI-IONIC SPECIES DIFFUSION IN SATURATED
CONCRETE…………………………………………………………………40

4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………….40
4.2 Basic Formulation of Governing Equations ………………................43
4.3 Material Parameters ………………………………………………….48
4.3.1 Chloride Diffusion Coefficient ……………………................48
4.3.2 Chloride Binding Capacity …………………………………..51
4.4 Numerical Model …………………………………………………….56
4.5 Numerical Results and Discussion .………………………………….59
4.5.1 Influence of Ionic Interaction ………………………………..59
4.5.2 Multi-Species Diffusion in Saturated Concrete ……………...60
4.6 Conclusions …………………………………………………………..67
5 MULTI-IONIC SPECIES DIFFUSION IN NON-SATURATED
CONCRETE………………………………………………………................68

5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………….68
5.2 Basic Formulation of Governing Equations ………………................72
5.3 Material Parameters ………………………………………………….74
5.3.1 Moisture Capacity …………………………………................74
5.3.2 Moisture Diffusion Coefficient ……………………................75
5.3.3 Coupling Parameters ………………………………................75
5.4 Numerical Model …………………………………………………….78
5.5 Numerical Results and Discussion...………………………………….81
5.6 Conclusions …………………………………………………………..93