Table Of Content

Modeling information structure in a cross-linguistic perspective Sanghoun Song language Topics at the Grammar-Discourse science press Interface 1 TopicsattheGrammar-DiscourseInterface Editors:PhilippaCook(UniversityofFrankfurt),AnkeHoller(UniversityofGöttingen),Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen(UniversityofOslo) Inthisseries: 1. Song,Sanghoun.Modelinginformationstructureinacross-linguisticperspective. Modeling information structure in a cross-linguistic perspective Sanghoun Song language science press SanghounSong.2017.Modelinginformationstructureinacross-linguistic perspective (TopicsattheGrammar-DiscourseInterface1).Berlin:Language SciencePress. Thistitlecanbedownloadedat: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/111 ©2017,SanghounSong PublishedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0Licence(CCBY4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN:978-3-946234-90-6(Digital) 978-3-944675-97-8(Hardcover) 978-3-946234-64-7(Softcover) DOI:10.5281/zenodo.818365 Coverandconceptofdesign:UlrikeHarbort Typesetting:SanghounSong Proofreading:AmrEl-Zawawy,AndreasHölzl,ChristianDöhler,EvansGesure, GeraldDelahunty,IkmiNurOktavianti,NatsukoNakagawa,JeanNitzke,Ken Manson Fonts:LinuxLibertine,Arimo,DejaVuSansMono Typesettingsoftware:XƎLATEX LanguageSciencePress UnterdenLinden6 10099Berlin,Germany langsci-press.org StorageandcataloguingdonebyFUBerlin LanguageSciencePresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurateorappropriate. Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Grammarengineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 Preliminarynotes 7 2.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 Meaningsofinformationstructure 11 3.1 Informationstatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.2 Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2.2 Subtypesoffocus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2.3 Linguisticpropertiesoffocus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.2.4 TestsforFocus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.3 Topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.3.2 Subtypesoftopic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.3.3 Linguisticpropertiesoftopic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.3.4 Testsfortopic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.4 Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4.2 Subtypesofcontrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.4.3 Linguisticpropertiesofcontrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.4.4 Testsforcontrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Contents 4 Markingsofinformationstructure 45 4.1 Prosody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.1.1 Prosodyasawidespreadmeansofmarking . . . . . . . 46 4.1.2 Mappingsbetweenprosodyandinformationstructure . 47 4.1.3 Flexiblerepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.2 Lexicalmarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2.1 Multiplemarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.2.2 Positioningconstraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.2.3 Categoricalrestriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.2.4 Interactionwithsyntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.3 Syntacticpositioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.3.1 Focusposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3.2 Topicposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.3.3 Contrastposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5 Discrepanciesbetweenmeaningandmarking 71 5.1 Ambivalentlexicalmarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.2 Focus/Topicfronting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.3 Competitionbetweenprosodyandsyntax . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.4 Multiplepositionsoffocus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6 Literaturereview 83 6.1 InformationstructureinHPSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 6.1.1 Sententialforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.1.2 Locationwithinthefeaturegeometry. . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.1.3 Underspecification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 6.1.4 Markingvs.meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 6.2 InformationstructureinMRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 6.3 PhonologicalinformationinHPSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6.4 Informationstructureinotherframeworks . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.4.1 CCG-basedstudies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.4.2 LFG-basedstudies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 7 IndividualCONStraints:fundamentals 105 7.1 MinimalRecursionSemantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 iv Contents 7.2 Motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7.2.1 Morphosyntacticmarkingsvs.Semanticrepresentation 108 7.2.2 Underspecification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 7.2.3 Binaryrelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 7.2.4 Informativeemptiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7.2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.3 Informationstructure(info-str) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.3.1 ICONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.3.2 ICONS-KEYandCLAUSE-KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.3.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 7.4 Markings(mkg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 7.5 Sententialforms(sform) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 7.6 Graphicalrepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 8 IndividualCONStraints:specificsoftheimplementation 137 8.1 Lexicaltypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 8.1.1 Nominalitems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8.1.2 Verbalitems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 8.1.3 Adpositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.1.4 Determiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.1.5 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 8.1.6 Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 8.2 Phrasaltypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 8.3 Additionalconstraintsonconfiguringinformationstructure . . 152 8.3.1 Periphery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 8.3.2 Lightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 8.3.3 Phonologicalstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 8.4 Samplederivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 8.4.1 English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 8.4.2 JapaneseandKorean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 8.4.3 Russian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 8.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 9 Multiclausalconstructions 171 9.1 Complementclauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 9.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 9.1.2 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 v Contents 9.2 Relativeclauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 9.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 9.2.2 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 9.3 Adverbialclauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 9.3.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 9.3.2 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 9.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 10 Formsofexpressinginformationstructure 187 10.1 Focussensitiveitems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 10.1.1 Quantifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 10.1.2 Wh-words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 10.1.3 Negativeexpressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 10.2 Argumentoptionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 10.3 Scrambling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 10.4 Cleftconstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 10.4.1 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 10.4.2 Subtypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 10.4.3 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 10.4.4 It-cleftsintheERG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 10.5 Passiveconstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 10.6 Fronting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 10.7 Dislocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 10.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 11 Focusprojection 219 11.1 Parsetrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 11.2 F(ocus)-marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 11.2.1 UsageofMRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 11.2.2 Languageswithoutfocusprosody . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 11.2.3 Lexicalmarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 11.3 Grammaticalrelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 11.4 Ananalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 11.4.1 Basicdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 11.4.2 Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 11.4.3 Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 11.4.4 Furtherquestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 11.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 vi Contents 12 Customizinginformationstructure 233 12.1 Typedescriptionlanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 12.2 Thequestionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 12.2.1 Focus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 12.2.2 Topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 12.2.3 Contrastivefocus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 12.2.4 Contrastivetopic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 12.3 TheMatrixcore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 12.3.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 12.3.2 Lexicaltypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 12.3.3 Lexicalrules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 12.3.4 Phrasestructurerules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 12.4 Customizedgrammarcreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 12.4.1 Lexicalmarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 12.4.2 Syntacticpositioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 12.5 Regressiontesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 12.5.1 Testsuites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 12.5.2 Pseudogrammars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 12.5.3 Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 12.6 TestingwithLanguageCoLLAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 12.6.1 Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 12.6.2 Testsuites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 12.6.3 Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 12.6.4 Informationstructureinthefourlanguages . . . . . . . 257 12.6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 12.7 Live-site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 12.8 Download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 13 Multilingualmachinetranslation 261 13.1 Transfer-basedmachinetranslation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 13.2 Basicmachinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 13.3 Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 13.4 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 13.4.1 Illustrativegrammars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 13.4.2 Testsuites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 13.4.3 Anexperiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 13.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 vii Contents 14 Conclusion 273 14.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 14.2 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 14.3 FutureWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Listofreferences 277 Bibliography 277 Index 297 Nameindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Languageindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Subjectindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 viii

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me develop my manuscript. Felix Bildhauer and the other anonymous reviewer gave me a .. Ngizim ngi. Afro-Asiatic/Chadic. Nishnaabemwin ojg/otw. Algic. Norwegian nor. Indo-European/Germanic. Paumarí pad. Arauan. Portuguese por. Indo-European/Romance. Rendile rel. Afro-Asiatic/Cushitic.
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me develop my manuscript. Felix Bildhauer and the other anonymous reviewer gave me a .. Ngizim ngi. Afro-Asiatic/Chadic. Nishnaabemwin ojg/otw. Algic. Norwegian nor. Indo-European/Germanic. Paumarí pad. Arauan. Portuguese por. Indo-European/Romance. Rendile rel. Afro-Asiatic/Cushitic.

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