Table Of ContentDATA AND KNOWLEDGE IN A CHANGING WORLD
Scientific Editorial Board
D. ABIR (Israel) E. FLUCK (Germany)
M. CHINNERY (USA.) A.S. KOLASKAR (India)
J. CREASE (UK.) K.W. REYNARD (UK.)
J.-E. DUBOIS (France) J.H. WESTBROOK (U.SA.)
Corresponding Members
M. ANTONINETTI (Italy) J.C. MENAUT (France)
M. ATTIMONELLI (Italy) B. MESSABIH (Algeria)
C. BARDINET (France) P. MEZEY (Canada)
C. BERNARD (France) F. MURTAGH (Germany)
H. BESTOUGEFF (France) G. OSTBERG (Sweden)
Y. BIENVENU (France) W. PILLMAN (Austria)
F.A. BlSBY (UK.) J.R. RODGERS (Canada
L. BLAINE (USA.) S.F. ROSSOUW (South Africa)
G. BLAKE (France) U. ROYER (France)
J.P. CALISTE (France) J. RUMBLE (USA.)
E.R. COHEN (USA.) S.K. SAXEMA (Sweden)
M.-T. COHEN-ADAD (France) R. SINDING-LARSEN (Norway)
A.-F. CUTTING-DECELLE (France) RJ. SIMPSON (Australia)
M. DELAMAR (France) N. SWINDELLS (UK.)
l-L. DELCROIX (France) M. TASUMI (Japan)
R. ECKERMANN (Germany) B.N. TAYLOR (US.A.)
N. GERSHON (USA.) J. THIEMANN (USA.)
E.R. HILF (Germany) A. TRUYOL (France)
S. IWATA (Japan) A. TSUGITA (Japan)
lG. KAUFMAN (USA.) P. UHLIR (USA.)
H. KEHIAIAN (France) F. WEBSTER (USA.)
A.D. KOZLOV (Russia) E. WESTRUM (USA.)
F.A. KUZNETSOV (Russia) G. WOOD (Canada)
H. LALIEU (Netherlands) Z. XU (China)
D. LIDE (US.A.)
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Budapest
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Santa Clara
Singapore
Tokyo
J.-E. Dubois· N. Gershon
(Eds.)
Modeling Complex Data
for Creating Information
With 84 Figures and 12 Tables
Springer
CODATA Secretariat
Phyllis Glaeser, Exec. Director
51, Boulevard de Montmorency
F - 75016 Paris
Editors:
Professor Dr. Jacques-Emile Dubois Dr. Nahum Gershon
Universite Denis Diderot Paris VII The MITRE Corporation
Institut de Topologie et de 7525 Colshire Drive
Dynamique des Systemes McLean, VA 22102
(ITODYS) USA
1 rue Guy de la Brosse
F - 75005 Paris
The image on the fron t cover comes from an animation which shows worldwide
Internet traffic. The color and height oft he arcs between the countries encode
the data-packet counts and destinations, while the "skyscraper" glyphs (or
icons) encode total traffic volume at any site. This image was generated by
Stephen G. Eick at the AT&T Bell Laboratories.
ISBN-13:978-3-642-80201-0 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-80199-0
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-80199-0
Cataloging-in-publicationDataappliedfor
Die Deutsche Bibliothek -CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Modeling complex data for creating information; with 12 tables /
J. E. Dubois; N. Gershon (ed.) -Berlin; Heidelberg; New York ; Barcelona; Budapest; Hong
Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Santa Clara; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1996
(Data and knowledge in a changing world)
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-80201-0
NE: Dubois, Jacques-Emile [Hrsg.]
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<ill Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996
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INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES
E. Fluck
Chairman of the Publication Advisory Board
CODATA's primary purpose in launching the Series "Data and Knowledge in a
Changing World" is to collect from widely differing fields the wealth of information
pertaining to the intelligent exploitation of data in the conduct of science and
technology and to make that information available to a multidisciplinary community.
This series, in support of that goal, will provide a forum for many types of
submission, both theoretical and applied. Directories and Glossaries of compiled
scientific and technical data or of Space and Time Observation data could be included
in a separate CODATA Reference Data Series.
The present series will be wide in scope as it encompasses a broad range of data and
knowledge contributions, including computer-related handling and visualization of
data, to the major scientific, technical and medical fields.
To this end, the series on Data and Knowledge is open to contributions of various
kinds, namely those:
• Fostering the improvement, not only of the quality and accessibility of
quantitative and qualitative data, but of the classical and ground-breaking
methods by which numeric and symbolic data are acquired, analyzed and
managed;
• presenting new data and knowledge interfaces designed to optimize
interoperability and thereby increase the potential of sharing data among
databases and networks;
• intensifying international cooperation in communication and data sharing
this implies works dealing with standardization, data quality agreements and
conceptual data descriptions (metadata, syntactic and semantic approaches)
VI Introduction to the Series
along with papers dealing with the evolution of Internet-based facilities, other
forms of worldwide communications and electronic publishing;
• providing new insights into, or interpretations of, processes leading to
creative design in the field of concurrent and/or cooperative engineering,
including cognitive aspects critical to data-based decision making.
In view of the emergence of the cyclic nature of information needs in the study of
complex systems, CODATA's scope now includes data activities and modeling of an
interdisciplinary nature such as that encountered in far-reaching projects (e.g. Global
Change, various Genome projects, environmental and biodiversity issues, etc.) or in
certain medical information systems. Most of the above will therefore be highlighted
in this Series.
Attempting, however, to predict the contents of such series is itself paradoxical,
reflecting the particular challenge in the field of data and information management
whose essence is to proceed at such pace as to outstrip the very information highways
it is building.
In an evolving information world in which our traditional ways of transferring
information as an essential resource are being altered, this Series should capture
emerging and innovative concepts thereby leading ultimately to new information
paradigms. Its ambition is to be concurrently a catalyst of change and a thought
provoking forum.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This book is a follow up to our contribution "The Information Revolution : Impact
on Science and Technology" in this series on Data and Knowledge. It too was
inspired by the Symposium on Communication and Computer Aided Systems held at
the 14th International CODATA Conference in September 1994 in Chambery,
France.
Professor ABIR, then President of CODATA, and an international Program
Committee recommended setting up some specialized panels and working sessions. In
these experts came together to discuss the many crucial issues involved in the
theories, methods and tools used to produce ST knowledge induced from information
and data.
International Scientific Program Committee
Prof. J.-E. Dubois, France (Chairman)
Dr. F. Bisby, U.K.
Dr. M. Chinnery, U.S.A.
Prof. S. Iwata, Japan
Prof. E. Fluck, Germany
Academician F.A. Kuznetsov, Russia
Dr. J.R. Rodgers, Canada
Dr. J. Thieman, U.S.A.
Prof. A. Tsugita, Japan
Prof. Z. Xu, China
Their diverse backgrounds and experience combined for a fairly global view of the
many aspects to be considered in modelizing or designing in a CAD space. It was a
unique occasion to review numerous concepts both critically and pedagogically. The
following sessions chaired by eminent experts produced most of the contributions of
VIII Acknowledgment
this book. Others were sollicited subsequently to complete the picture and ensure
coherence
• Knowledge and Data Interplay
Christophe Roche
• Integrated Knowledge Based Systems: Uncertainty Management
Nahum Gershon
• Recognition of Rigid and Flexible Objects
Paul Mezey
The orgamzmg committee of the 14th International CODATA conference is
privileged to acknowledge the sponsorship of the French Academy ofS ciences for the
1994 Lavoisier Celebration Year, of the International Council of Scientific Unions,
the European Centre of Reflection and Studies in Thermodynamics, the University of
Savoie and several organizations: ADME, SML, IRP L, AFNOR, LNE.
Sincere thanks are expressed for the patronage of the French Ministry of the
Environment, the Ministry of Higher Education and Reseach, the Ministry of Defense
and the Ministry ofI ndustry.
CODATA is sincerely grateful for the many experts whose rich experience and
reflection and hard work produced the positive and constructive discussions that took
place and through which we hope to contribute to building an ever more valid
information universe, since we see this as the indispensable road helping human
beings to a better and more global understanding and management of the world in
which we live.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO THIS SERIES v
E. Fluck
ACKNOWLEDGMENT VII
AUTHORS XIII
PREFACE XIX
J. -E. Dubois and N. Gershon
PART ONE : INFORMATION AND DATA
INTERPLAY
CHAPTER 1 : STRUCTURING DATA FOR INTEGRATED
KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS
How TO STRUCTURE DATA: THE OBJECT-ORIENTED ApPROACH 3
C. Roche
INTELLIGENT AGENTS: A NEW STEP TOWARDS 9
DATA AND KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION
H. Bestougeff
DESCRIPTION AND ApPLICATIONS OF AN OBJECT-ORIENTED MODEL PDM 15
W Shen and J. -Po Barthes
A STEP TOWARDS THE CLIENT/SERVER MODEL: THE OODE ApPROACH 25
M. Riveill and G. Vandome .
x
Contents
FROM BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES TO KNOWLEDGE BASES 31
N.Mars
CHAPTER 2 : IMPRECISION AND UNCERTAINTY IN
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
IMPRECISION AND UNCERTAINTY 39
P. Smets
ILL DEFINED DATA IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS: FROM FUZZY 47
PATTERN MATCHING TO DATA FUSION
D. Dubois and H. Prade
ERROR AND UNCERTAINTY IN PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS 55
E.R. Cohen
Fuzzy AUTOMATA AND GRAMMARS: MANIPULATION OF 65
UNCERTAIN KNOWLEDGE
C. Gaudeau, V. Rakotomalala, L. Gouthiere,
E. Ravaud and S. Benoist
DATA PROCESSING IN CHEMISTRY WITH NEURAL NETWORKS 79
J.-P. Doucet, A. Pan aye and G. Mathieu
CLEAN-UP OF SPECTRO-STRUCTURAL DATABASES 89
USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS,
C. Cachet, C. Cleva, A. Eghbaldar, T. Laidboeur,
D. Cabral-Bass and T.P. Forrest
CHAPTER 3 : SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND
EVALUATION CRITERIA
COMPUTER INTEGRATED AND INFORMATION AIDED 95
INVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES
Z. Kierzkowski
A COOPERATIVE DESIGN ENVIRONMENT BASED 105
ON AN ACTIVE REPOSITORY
J. Barras de Sa
A REUSE-BASED SCHEMA CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 111
A. P. Ambrosio
