MODELING AND ANALYZING LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE IN METROPOLITAN ...

132 Pages·2014·4.62 MB·English

MODELING AND ANALYZING LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE IN
METROPOLITAN BIRMINGHAM AREA USING LANDSAT TM, OLI DATA

by
XUEHAN JING
LUOHENG HAN, COMMITTEE CHAIR
JOE WEBER
ANDREW GRAETTINGER

A THESIS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Science
in the Department of Geography
in the Graduate School of
The University of Alabama

TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA

2014
Copyright Xuehan Jing 2014
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ABSTRACT

The Birmingham Metropolitan Area experienced land use land cover (LULC) change
over the last three decades, such as the development of urban area, the development of
transportation system, deforestation, and rise of population. The main purpose of the thesis is to
model and analyze the LULC change through last three decades in Birmingham area, and also
simulate the LULC in next three decades. Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 8
Operational Land Imager (OLI) data from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is used for
investigating the LULC in Birmingham area. Supervised Classification is used; the maximum
overall accuracy is 86.33%. Drivers such as transportation, topographic measures, population
and income, location measures are analyzed. Remote sensing indices are also derived from
Landsat data, such as NDVI, NDBI, MNDWI, and LST. Pearson’s Correlation test is run among
the LULC proportion, drivers within counties and census tracts. Finally, the cellular automation
model SLEUTH is used to simulate the future pattern of LULC. The results shows the
Birmingham experienced a significant LULC change in last three decades. Transportation and
slope are two main factors in terms of LULC change. In summary, the thesis completes a
systematic LULC classification in Birmingham area in last three decades, and uses different
methods to model and analyze LULC and eventually simulate the LULC pattern in next three
decades.

ii
DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to everyone who helped me and guided me through the trials and
tribulations of creating this manuscript. In particular, my parents and close friends who stood by
me throughout the time taken to complete this masterpiece.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

°C Celsius Degree
°F Fahrenheit Degree
CA Cellular Automaton
d Earth-Sun distance in astronomical units
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DN Digital Number
e Mathematical constant
ESUN Mean solar exoatmospheric irradiance
λ
GD Growth Density
GIS Geographic Information System
GLOVIS Global Visualization Viewer
Hwy Highway
I-20 Interstate Highway 20
K Calibration constant for the thermal band of Landsat product
K^ Kappa statistics used for supervised classification accuracy assessment
km2 Square kilometer
LDCM Land Data Continuity Mission
LMAX The spectral radiance that is scaled to QCALMAX
λ
LMIN The spectral radiance that is scaled to QCALMIN
λ
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LPGS Level Product System
LST Land Surface Temperature
LULC Land Use and Land Cover
L Spectral Radiance at the sensor’s aperture
λ
MIR Mid-Infrared
MNDWI Modified Normalized Difference Water Index
MNDWI Modified Normalized Difference Water Index
MNDWI Modified Normalized Difference Water Index
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NDBI Normalized Difference Built-up Index
NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
NHGIS National Historical Geographic Information Systems
NIR Near-Infrared
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NTAD National Transportation Atlas Database
OLI Operational Land Imager
pci Per capita income
pd Population density
pop population
QCAL The quantized calibrated pixel value in DN
QCALMAX The maximum quantized calibrated pixel value
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QCALMIN The minimum quantized calibrated pixel value
R Reflectance
RS Remote Sensing
SLC Scan Line Correction
SLEUTH Slope, Land cover, Exclusion, Urban extent, Transportation, and Hill
shade
sq km2 Square mile
SWIR Short Wave Infrared
TIGER Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing
TIRS Thermal Infrared Sensor
TM Thematic Mapper
USGS United States Geological Survey
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
WGS World Geodetic System
WRS-2 World Reference System-2
x Annual rate of population and per capita income
θ Solar zenith angle
s

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am pleased to have this opportunity to thank the many colleagues, friends, and faculty
members who have helped me with this research project. I want to express my sincere thanks to
my advisor, Dr. Luoheng Han, for his clear guidance, advice, and unremitting efforts. Because of
him, I continually strive to grow and improve my studies. I also want to extend my appreciation
to Dr. Joe Weber and Dr. Andrew Graettinger for serving on my committee. They provided great
support and resources, as well as their suggestion and comments. I would also extend my thanks
to Ms. Linda Watson for her support of providing me book resources of Python and Model
Builder, as well as GIS practicum opportunity. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the
Department of Geography at the University of Alabama for the opportunity to attend graduate
program and their assistance. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Huawei Jing and Huifang
Dai, and my friends, Nathan Yue Wu, Filiberto Asare-Akuffo, for their support, encouragement,
devotion, and love.

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CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS .......................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ vii
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xiv
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................1
1.1. Introduction .........................................................................................................................1
1.2. General Background ...........................................................................................................1
1.3. Research Question ..............................................................................................................5
1.4. Objectives ...........................................................................................................................6
2. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................7
2.1. History of Land Use Land Cover Change in Birmingham .................................................7
2.2. Land Use Land Cover Change in the World .......................................................................7
2.3. Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for Land Use Land Cover Analysis ......................10
2.4. Cellular Automaton Model ...............................................................................................13
2.5. Field Trip ..........................................................................................................................15
3. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................24
3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................24
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3.2. Study Area ........................................................................................................................24
3.3. Data ...................................................................................................................................25
3.3.1. Satellite Images ........................................................................................................25
3.3.2. Reference and Collateral Data .................................................................................30
3.4. Remote Sensing Data Processing......................................................................................31
3.4.1. Image Preprocessing ................................................................................................31
3.4.2. Image Classification.................................................................................................34
3.4.3. Accuracy Assessment ..............................................................................................46
3.4.4. Change Detection .....................................................................................................52
3.4.5. Remote Sensing Indices ...........................................................................................53
3.5. Zonal Analysis and Correlation Analysis .........................................................................57
3.5.1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................57
3.5.2. Data Preparation.......................................................................................................58
3.5.3. Zonal Analysis .........................................................................................................60
3.5.4. Correlation Analysis ................................................................................................64
3.5.5. Buffer Ring Analysis ...............................................................................................64
3.6. Modeling the Future Land Use and Land Cover ..............................................................65
3.6.1. Introduction to Cellular Automaton Modeling ........................................................65
3.6.2. Input Data Sets for Calibration ................................................................................67
3.6.3. Model Calibration ....................................................................................................68
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................71
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