Model driven design and data integration in semantic web information systems

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Model driven design and data integration in semantic web
information systems
Citation for published version (APA):
Sluijs, van der, K. A. M. (2012). Model driven design and data integration in semantic web information systems.
[Phd Thesis 1 (Research TU/e / Graduation TU/e), Mathematics and Computer Science]. Technische
Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR732193
DOI:
10.6100/IR732193
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Published: 01/01/2012
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Model Driven Design and Data
Integration in Semantic Web
Information Systems
Kees van der Sluijs
CIP-DATA LIBRARY TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT EINDHOVEN
van der Sluijs, Kees
Model Driven Design and Data Integration in Semantic Web Information Systems /
by Kees van der Sluijs.
Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2012. Proefschrift.
A catalogue record is available from the Eindhoven University of Technology Library
ISBN: 978-90-386-3134-9
NUR: 980
Keywords: Interoperability / Heterogeneous Databases / Information networks / Multime-
dia Information Systems / Hypertext/Hypermedia
C.R. Subject Classification (1998): D.2.12, H2.5, H3.4c, H5.1, H5.4
SIKS Dissertation Series No. 2012-12
The research reported in this dissertation has been carried out under the auspices of SIKS,
the Dutch Research School for Information and Knowledge Systems.
Cover design: Ilse Weisfelt
Printed by University Press Facilities, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
Copyright (cid:13)c 2012 by Kees van der Sluijs, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval
systems, or transmitted in any form by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without written consent of the author.
Model Driven Design and Data Integration
in Semantic Web Information Systems
PROEFSCHRIFT
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de
Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de
rector magnificus, prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn, voor een
commissie aangewezen door het College voor
Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen
op dinsdag 15 mei 2012 om 16.00 uur
door
Kornelis Antonius Martinus van der Sluijs
geboren te Maasdriel
Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren:
prof.dr.ir. G.J.P.M. Houben
en
prof.dr. P.M.E. De Bra
Contents
Preface ix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Problems and Research Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Outline of the Dissertation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Related Work 5
2.1 Web Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Semantic Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 Languages of the Semantic Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.2 XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.3 RDF(S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.4 OWL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.5 SPARQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.6 Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.7 Linked Open Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.8 Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Web Information Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.1 WebML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.2 OOHDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.3 UWE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.4 OOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.5 Related Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 Hera-S 25
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3 Data Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4 Application Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.1 Units, Attributes and Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.2 Adaptation Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4.3 Other constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5 Presentation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.6 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
vi CONTENTS
4 Extending Hera-S 45
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2 Data Integration in Hera-S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3 Model Builders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.4 Modeling Aspects in Hera-S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.4.2 Related work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.4.3 Aspect-Oriented Adaptation Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.4.4 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.5 Presentation Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.5.1 Aspect-Orientation in AMACONT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.5.2 Semantics-Based Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5 Data Integration Using SW-based Techniques 69
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.2 Data Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.3 Vocabularies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.4 Data Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.4.1 Data exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.4.2 Transformation scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.4.3 Transformation using SWRL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.4.4 Transformation using customized SPARQL queries . . . . . . . . . 79
5.5 Automating Relation Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.5.1 String Matching Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.5.2 Utilizing Helper Ontologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.5.3 Using Context for Disambiguation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.5.4 Using User Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.5.5 Implementation and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6 Applications of Data Integration 93
6.1 χ Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.1.1 Semantic Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.1.2 Navigation and Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.1.3 User-generated Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.1.4 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.1.5 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.2 The SenSee TV-Recommender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.2.1 SenSee Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.2.2 Semantic Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.2.3 Inference, Query Expansion and Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.2.4 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.3 The ViTa Educational Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.3.1 Semantic Integration of User Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.3.2 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
CONTENTS vii
7 Exchanging User Models 121
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.1.1 User Model Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.1.2 Semantic Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.2 MobiLife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.2.1 General architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.2.2 User Model Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.2.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.3 Grapple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.3.1 GALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.3.2 Overall Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.3.3 GUMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.4 GAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.4.1 Extending GAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.4.2 Types of Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7.4.3 Formal Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8 Conclusions and Future Work 155
8.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
8.2 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
8.3 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
8.3.1 Hera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8.3.2 Relco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8.3.3 Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
8.3.4 SenSee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
8.3.5 GRAPPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Bibliography 165
List of Publications 177
Abbreviations 181
Summary 183
Samenvatting 185
Curriculum Vitae 187

CONTENTS ix
Acknowledgements
My life as a PhD-student started in 2004. I was motivated by my Master’s graduation
project which had been a great experience and a wonderful time. Together with my
fascination for science this lead me to ask my supervisor professor Geert-Jan Houben if
becoming a PhD-student would be a possibility. Geert-Jan offered me this opportunity for
which I am still grateful. It was not a disappointing experience, I generally liked most of
the tasks that come with the job and I was especially happy with the amount of variation it
offered; projects, papers, teaching, conferences. The experience has been very educational
and it helped shaping my way of thinking.
During my fourth year as a PhD-student professor Paul De Bra offered me a three
year job as the overall project manager of the European GRAPPLE project, based on a
recommendation from Geert-Jan. Obviously, I seized this great opportunity and accepted.
The job offered a lot of variation, which was again very different from my work as a PhD-
student and brought many new experiences and insights. The project ended successfully
and left me with a mostly positive feeling.
Unluckily, I didn’t finish my PhD-thesis during the project. I clearly preferred working
on the project with its many deadlines and the excitement this new research gave me.
This did not compare to the relative boredom of working at the seemingly endless task of
compiling all my published work into one book. Without any hard deadlines it was easier
to postpone and store away the urgency of completing it somewhere in the back of my
head.
At the end of the GRAPPLE-project I was confronted with a number of radical changes
in my life, which brought me to rethink my future in many aspects including my work. I
decided to leave academia and try something else. This didn’t mean I wanted to abandon
my PhD-thesis, but working on it proved more challenging than I thought. Part of this
was caused by the energy cost of turning my life around, but it was also caused by a lack
of positive motivation. The PhD-thesis is famous for being the one type of book for which
the effort to write it is more than the combined effort of all its readers that will ever read
it. And of course the fact that my work was ageing didn’t help either. My main motivation
was a negative one, I cannot stand quitting something that I started and intended to finish.
However, postponing work is also not quitting and it seemed to work well for some time.
This vicious circle was finally broken when, with help of some peer pressure, I realized
this was going nowhere. I finally understood that the only way to finish this work was by
cutting off all distractions and completely focus myself on this thesis. And that is what I
did. This book is the end result. I feel proud, and relieved, for not quitting but finally
finishing what I should have done long ago. I learned my lesson that postponing work I
don’t like is useless. If you want something done, do it now!
This preface cannot be concluded without thanking the many people that have helped
in making this work possible. Special thanks goes out to Geert-Jan and Paul - I cannot
thank you enough for making the entire process possible and the fact that you have never
let me down. I also have to thank everyone I have worked with, all my co-authors, and
especially Pieter Bellekens, my room mate with whom I shared most of my lunches for
years and with whom I share a love for scientific and political news and humor. I also