Table Of ContentHEALTHCARE TECHNOLOGIES SERIES 24
Mobile Technologies for
Delivering Healthcare
in Remote, Rural or
Developing Regions
IETBookSeriesone-HealthTechnologies–CallforAuthors
BookSeriesEditor:ProfessorJoelP.C.Rodrigues,theNationalInstituteofTelecommunications
(Inatel),BrazilandInstitutodeTelecomunicac¸o˜es,Portugal
Whilethedemographicshiftsinpopulationsdisplaysignificantsocio-economicchallenges,they
triggeropportunitiesforinnovationsine-Health,m-Health,precisionandpersonalized
medicine,robotics,sensing,theInternetofThings,cloudcomputing,BigData,SoftwareDefined
Networks,andnetworkfunctionvirtualization.Theirintegrationishoweverassociatedwith
manytechnological,ethical,legal,socialandsecurityissues.ThisnewBookSeriesaimsto
disseminaterecentadvancesfore-HealthTechnologiestoimprovehealthcareandpeople’s
wellbeing.
TopicsconsideredincludeIntelligente-Healthsystems,electronichealthrecords,ICT-enabled
personalhealthsystems,mobileandcloudcomputingforeHealth,healthmonitoring,precision
andpersonalizedhealth,roboticsfore-Health,securityandprivacyine-Health,ambient
assistedliving,telemedicine,BigDataandIoTfore-Health,andmore.
ProposalsforcoherentlyintegratedInternationalmulti-authorededitedorco-authored
handbooksandresearchmonographswillbeconsideredforthisBookSeries.Eachproposal
willbereviewedbytheBookSeriesEditorwithadditionalexternalreviewsfromindependent
reviewers.PleaseemailyourbookproposalfortheIETBookSeriesone-HealthTechnologiesto:
[email protected]@inatel.br
Mobile Technologies for
Delivering Healthcare
in Remote, Rural or
Developing Regions
Edited by
Pradeep Kumar Ray, Naoki Nakashima, Ashir Ahmed,
Soong-Chul Ro and Yasuhiro Soshino
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
†TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2020
Firstpublished2020
ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright
Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch
orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany
formorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin
thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued
bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose
termsshouldbesenttothepublisherattheundermentionedaddress:
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
MichaelFaradayHouse
SixHillsWay,Stevenage
Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom
www.theiet.org
Whiletheauthorsandpublisherbelievethattheinformationandguidancegiveninthis
workarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgementwhenmaking
useofthem.Neithertheauthorsnorpublisherassumesanyliabilitytoanyoneforany
lossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whethersuchanerroror
omissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandallsuchliabilityis
disclaimed.
Themoralrightsoftheauthortobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhavebeen
assertedbyhiminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-1-83953-047-0(hardback)
ISBN978-1-83953-048-7(PDF)
TypesetinIndiabyMPSLtd
PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon
Contents
Abouttheeditors xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Introduction xxi
Section I:Global challenge 1
1 Role of the university for sustainabledevelopment 3
Soong-Chul Ro, Sohel Ahmed, Andy Hsiaoand Yulei Fu
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Role of university forsustainable development: a literature review 4
1.3 Technology entrepreneurship for sustainable development 10
1.3.1 TESD model 10
1.3.2 Bangladesh sustainable development challenge 13
1.4 Discussion 15
1.5 Concluding remarks 19
References 20
2 Be friends withthefuture –Global innovation andentrepreneurship
collaboration systeminthefield of medicalhealth 23
ZhangZhigang
2.1 Folding: the basic driving force of social development 24
2.1.1 The basic model of a complex system 25
2.1.2 Pyramid model forthe evolution of complex systems 29
2.2 Opportunities and development trends of the medical and health
industry under the background of globalization 33
2.2.1 New developments inthe field of human health through the
development of science and technology and globalization 33
2.2.2 The new challenges that globalizationbrings to the
healthcare field 35
2.2.3 Globalization has brought new opportunities for
humankind to solve health problems 36
2.3 Building a global innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem to
promote global collaboration in the field of healthcare 37
2.3.1 Aglobal innovation and entrepreneurship community
as an applicationlayer for the university 38
vi Mobile technologies for delivering healthcare invariousregions
2.3.2 From technology transfer model to collaborative
innovationmodel 39
2.3.3 The ecosystem approach in developing healthcare inside
the boundary 39
2.3.4 The collaboration with the nodes outside the boundary 43
2.3.5 New model of “research and incubation in the field” 44
2.3.6 Case studyon AccuMed 44
2.3.7 Create a healthy future forhumankind through global
collaboration 44
References 45
3 Useof mobile health application to supportbelt androad
initiatives: across-sectional studyinChinaandBangladesh 47
Md.Rakibul Hoqueand Shahidul Islam
3.1 Background 47
3.2 Research problem 48
3.3 Research objective 48
3.4 Methodology 49
3.5 Data analysis 50
3.6 Discussions 52
3.7 Proposinga mobile health application 53
3.8 Conclusion 57
References 59
4 Behindthe popularity of “onlinemutual aid”:howdoesthe
Chineseone-childpolicy generation appraise andcontrol
cancer risk of their aging parents? 61
YingShen and Da’anHuang
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Methods 64
4.2.1 Measures 64
4.2.2 Respondents and statistics 65
4.3 Results 66
4.4 Discussion 70
4.5 Limitations 74
References 74
5 Understandinghealth professionals’ perspective ondelivering
healthinformation onsocial media: acase studyinBangladesh 79
Rashadul Hasan,MahfuzAshraf and NumaSarkar
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 Case study: Good Health app 81
5.3 Literature review 83
Contents vii
5.4 Theoretical perspective 84
5.4.1 Social penetration theory 85
5.4.2 Social exchange theory 85
5.5 Proposinga theory-based conceptual framework 86
5.6 Conclusion 87
5.7 Recommendations 87
5.8 Contribution 87
References 88
Section II:Portable healthclinic 91
6 Mappingthe need for preventive healthcare services inremote
SouthAsiancommunities 93
Faiz Shah, Rowena Alcoba, Sajid OmarFarook andSeemaMedhe
6.1 Overview of healthcare access in the SAARCand ASEAN
nations along the belt and road region 93
6.2 State of health services availability for rural populationsin the
ASEANand SAARCregions 95
6.2.1 Baseline demographics of population distribution 95
6.2.2 State of health 96
6.2.3 Burden of health 98
6.2.4 Availability of healthcare workforce 99
6.3 Effectiveness of PHCto rectify the highburden of health in the
underdeveloped and developing countries 100
References 103
7 Portable healthclinic: concept, design,implementation and
challenges 105
Ashir Ahmed, Mehdi Hasan,MasudaBegum Sampa,
Kazi Mozaher Hossein,YasunobuNoharaand Naoki Nakashima
7.1 Basic concept and system architecture of PHCsystem 105
7.2 Evolution of technologies to adapt community needs 107
7.2.1 PHCfor low-resource setting 107
7.2.2 Toward improving the system efficiency 108
7.2.3 Trust of the consumers toward the PHCsystem 108
7.2.4 Geographical expansion of PHCconcept 108
7.2.5 Modular expansion 108
7.3 Target community forbusiness: lessonslearned 109
7.3.1 Rural unreached community 109
7.3.2 Urban aging community 110
7.3.3 Urban corporate community 110
7.3.4 Urban morning walkers community 110
7.4 Technical challenge: healthcare data errors 111
7.5 Social challenges: acceptance of remote healthcare service 113
viii Mobile technologies for delivering healthcarein variousregions
7.6 Case studyto increase the accessibility and reduce
healthcare delivery cost 115
7.7 Chapter summary 120
References 120
8 Modular expansionof PHC inBangladesh 123
Rafiqul IslamMaruf,Kimiyo Kikuchi, Yoko Sato,
Rieko Izukura and Mariko Nishikitani
8.1 Requirement of modular expansion of PHC 123
8.2 Tele-Pathologysystem in PHC 124
8.2.1 Introduction 124
8.2.2 Tele-Pathologysystemstructure 124
8.2.3 PHCservice delivery process with Tele-Pathologysystem 125
8.3 Tele-EyeCare system inPHC 126
8.3.1 Introduction 126
8.3.2 Tele-EyeCare system structure 127
8.3.3 Automated Tele-EyeCare system usingAI technologies 128
8.4 MCHcare system in PHC 130
8.4.1 Introduction 130
8.4.2 Maternal and child healthsystem structure 131
8.4.3 Expected outcomes of the maternal and child health system 133
8.5 Self-reported health outcomes in PHC 133
8.5.1 Introduction 133
8.5.2 Bangladeshipopulation trends in QOLor health-related
QOL(HR-QOL):a studyfocused onthe Bangladeshi
population(brief summary) 134
8.5.3 Expected outcome and future issues 134
8.6 Occupational and environmental health module 137
8.6.1 Introduction 137
8.6.2 Measurements of workers’ health and environmental
condition 138
8.6.3 Expected outcome and future issues 138
8.7 Conclusion 140
References 140
9 PHC andcase studiesof remote healthcare services
inAsiancountries 145
Fumihiko Yokota, ManishBiyani, Yuandong Hu,
Kimiyo Kikuchi, Faiz Shah, Junko Yasuoka, Keiko Nanishi,
Rowena Alcoba andAminaNoureen
9.1 Processes of co-designand co-implementation in a portable
health clinic research project in JaipurDistrict, India
(March 2016–August2019) 145
9.1.1 First phase (March 2016–April 2017) 146
Contents ix
9.1.2 Second phase (May 2017–September 2017) 146
9.1.3 Third phase (October 2017–February 2018) 147
9.1.4 Fourth phase (March 2018–October 2018) 147
9.1.5 Fifth phase (November 2018–Present) 148
9.1.6 Summary of co-design and co-productionprocesses
in all five phases 149
Acknowledgments 149
9.2 All-in-one health machine project in rural area of China 150
9.2.1 Introduction 150
9.2.2 Implementation of AIOhealth machine project 151
9.2.3 Challenges and problems in the application of AIOHealth
Machine 151
9.2.4 Possible solutions forbetter usage of AIOHealth Machine 152
9.3 Remote monitoring toimprove the continuum of care in
mothers and newbornsin Cambodia 153
9.3.1 Introduction 153
9.3.2 Intervention 153
9.3.3 Identified challenges 154
9.3.4 Conclusion 156
Acknowledgments 156
9.4 Mobile health care for migrant workersalong corporate
supply chains in KasurDistrict, Pakistan 156
9.4.1 Introduction 156
9.4.2 PHCas delivery system integrator 158
9.4.3 SehatMobile design and implementation 159
9.4.4 Opportunities and challenges 160
9.4.5 Conclusion 160
Acknowledgements 162
9.5 Summary 162
References 162
10 Personal health record inJapan,China,andBangladesh 165
Naoki Nakashima,YuandongHu,Rafiqul IslamMaruf andAshir Ahmed
10.1 PHR,a powerful tool for healthcare and patient engagement 165
10.1.1 What isPHR? 165
10.1.2 Recommended configuration for PHR 166
10.2 Japanese PHR 166
10.2.1 Japanese situationof healthcare and medical informatics 166
10.3 Chinese PHR 170
10.3.1 Historyof PHRin China 170
10.3.2 Mechanism of the Chinese PHR 170
10.3.3 Content and format of the Chinese PHR 171
10.3.4 Improvement of the Chinese PHR 171
10.3.5 Challengesforthe Chinese PHR 172
