Mites of greenhouses : identification, biology and control

256 Pages·2003·1.614 MB·English

by  Zhi-Qiang Zhang

Mites of Greenhouses
Identification, Biology and Control
Other bookson mites byZhi-QiangZhang
1996 The EriophyoidMitesofChina:AnIllustratedCatalogandIdentification
Keys(Acari:Prostigmata:Eriophyoidea).Co-authorX.-Y.Hong
1997 AnIllustratedGuidetoMitesofAgriculturalImportance.Co-authorL.-R.
Liang
1998 Predatory Mites: Their Biology and Roles in Biological Control. Co-
authorsJ.-L.Xin&J.-Q.Lu
1999 Tarsonemidae of China (Acari: Prostigmata): Annotated and Illustrated
CatalogueandBibliography.Co-authorJ.-Z.Lin
2000 BiologyandControlofBambooMitesinFujian.Co-editorY.-X.Zhang
2002 Tarsonemidae of the World: Key to Genera, Geographical Distribution,
SystematicCatalogue&AnnotatedBibliograhy. Co-authorJ.-Z.Lin
Mites of Greenhouses
Identification, Biology and Control
ZHI-QIANGZHANG
Acarologist
LandcareResearch,Auckland,NewZealand
HonoraryResearchFellow
TheNatural HistoryMuseum,London, UK
Adjunct Professor
School ofLife Sciences,FudanUniversity,Shanghai,China
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(cid:211) CABInternational2003.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybe
reproducedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronically,mechanically,byphoto-
copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright
owners.
AcataloguerecordofthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary,London,UK.
LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-PublicationData
Zhang,Zhi-Qiang,1963-
Mitesofgreenhouses:identification,biologyandcontrol/Zhi-QiangZhang.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-85199-590-X (alk.paper)
1.Plantmites.2.Plantmites--BiologicalControl.3.Greenhouseplants--Diseases
andpests.4.Mitesasbiologicalpestcontrolagents.I.Title.
SB940.Z43.2003
635’.0496542--dc21
2003046117
ISBN085199590X
Printed and bound in the UK from copy supplied by the author by Biddles Ltd,
GuildfordandKing’sLynn.
Table of Contents
Preface ........................................................ix
Acknowledgements.............................................xi
PartIIntroduction...............................................1
1Greenhouses,Plants&Mites....................................3
1.1Introduction ...............................................3
1.2Greenhouses ..............................................3
1.3Plantsgrowningreenhouses ................................5
1.4Mitesingreenhouses .......................................6
1.5Recommendedfurtherreading ..............................9
1.6Referencescited...........................................10
2IntroductiontoAcari ..........................................11
2.1Generalintroduction ......................................11
2.2Morphologyandstructure .................................12
2.2.1Divisionofbody ......................................12
2.2.2Gnathosoma..........................................13
2.2.3Idiosoma.............................................15
2.2.4Legs.................................................17
2.3Classification .............................................18
2.3.1Higherclassification...................................18
2.3.2OrderProstigmata.....................................23
2.3.3OrderMesostigmata...................................27
2.3.4OrderAstigmata......................................29
2.4Recommendedfurtherreading..............................29
2.5Referencescited...........................................30
3Methods&Techniques........................................33
3.1Collectingmites...........................................33
3.1.1Collectingmitesfromplants............................33
3.1.2Collectingmiteson/insubstrate ........................36
3.1.3Thingstonotewhencollecting..........................36
v
vi MitesofGreenhouses
3.2Preservingmitesforstudy .................................37
3.3Preparingmitesformicroscopicstudy .......................37
3.3.1Clearing/macerationofspecimens ......................37
3.3.2Temporarymounts....................................38
3.3.3Permanentmounts ....................................39
3.3.4Recommendedfurtherreading..........................42
3.4Rearingmites .............................................42
3.5Referencescited...........................................42
PartIIPestMites ...............................................45
4SpiderMites .................................................47
4.1Introduction ..............................................47
4.2Morphologicalcharacters ..................................47
4.3Lifehistoryandbiology ....................................48
4.4Speciesimportantingreenhouses ...........................50
4.4.1Tetranychusurticae(Koch) ..............................54
4.4.2Tetranychuscinnabarinus(Boisduval).....................61
4.4.3Otherspidermites ....................................64
4.5Referencescited...........................................75
5FalseSpiderMites ............................................87
5.1Introduction ..............................................87
5.2Morphologicalcharacters ..................................87
5.3Lifehistoryandbiology ....................................88
5.4Speciesimportantingreenhouses............................90
5.4.1BrevipalpusobovatusDannadieu .........................90
5.4.2Brevipalpusphoenicis(Geijskes) ..........................93
5.4.3Otherspecies.........................................96
5.5Referencescited...........................................97
6TarsonemidMites ............................................99
6.1Introduction ..............................................99
6.2Morphologicalcharacters ..................................99
6.3Lifehistoryandbiology ...................................100
6.4Speciesimportantingreenhouses ..........................101
6.4.1Polyphagotarsonemuslatus(Banks) ......................104
6.4.2Phytonemuspallidus(Banks) ...........................109
6.4.3Othertarsonemidspecies .............................114
6.5Referencescited..........................................121
7EriophyoidMites ............................................127
7.1Introduction .............................................127
7.2Morphologicalcharacters .................................127
TableofContents vii
7.3Lifehistoryandbiology ...................................128
7.4Speciesimportantingreenhouses ..........................128
7.4.1Aculopslycopersici(Massee)............................129
7.4.2EpitrimerusalinaeLiro ................................133
7.4.3Othereriophyoidmites ...............................135
7.5Referencescited..........................................137
8AcaridMites ................................................141
8.1Introduction .............................................141
8.2Morphologicalcharacters .................................141
8.3Lifehistoryandbiology ...................................142
8.4Speciesimportantingreenhouses ..........................142
8.4.1Rhizoglyphusrobini(Claparède) ........................147
8.4.2Rhizoglyphusechinopus(FumouzeandRobin) ............149
8.4.3Tyrophagusspecies ...................................151
8.4.4Mycetoglyphusfungivorus(Oudemans) ..................158
8.5Referencescited..........................................158
9OtherPestMites .............................................163
9.1Introduction .............................................163
9.2Siteroptidae .............................................163
9.3Penthaleidae ............................................165
9.4Tydeidae ................................................166
9.5Tuckerellidae ............................................166
9.6Oribatida ...............................................167
9.7Referencescited..........................................168
PartIIIBeneficialMites ........................................169
10PhytoseiidMites............................................171
10.1Introduction ............................................171
10.2Morphologicalcharacters ................................171
10.3Lifehistoryandbiology ..................................172
10.4Speciesimportantingreenhouses .........................173
10.4.1PhytoseiuluspersimilisAthias-Henriot ..................180
10.4.2Neoseiuluscucumeris(Oudemans) .....................186
10.4.3Otherphytoseiidspecies .............................189
10.5Referencescited.........................................194
11LaelapidMites .............................................203
11.1Introduction ............................................203
11.2Morphologicalcharacters ................................203
11.3Lifehistoryandbiology ..................................204
11.4Speciesimportantingreenhouses .........................204
viii MitesofGreenhouses
11.4.1Hypoaspisaculeifer(Canestrini) ........................204
11.4.2Hypoaspismiles(Berlese) .............................206
11.4.3Otherlaelapidspecies ...............................208
11.5Referencescited ........................................208
12OtherBeneficialMites ......................................211
12.1Introduction ............................................211
12.2Mesostigmata ..........................................211
12.2.1Parasitidae .........................................211
12.2.2Ascidae ...........................................212
12.3Prostigmata ............................................213
12.3.1Stigmaeidae ........................................213
12.3.2Anystidae .........................................214
12.3.3Cunaxidae .........................................214
12.3.4Erythraeidae .......................................215
12.3.5Tydeidae ..........................................216
12.4Referencescited.........................................216
PartIVAccessories ............................................219
13Glossary ...................................................221
14Appendix:MiteInformationSources .........................229
14.1Introduction ............................................229
14.2Professionalsocieties/organizations .......................229
14.3Serialpublications.......................................231
14.4Directoriesofacarologists ................................233
14.5Internetresources .......................................233
14.6Acarologicalcollections ..................................234
14.7Acarologycourses.......................................234
14.8Suppliersofnaturalenemiesforbiologicalcontrol ...........234
15Index ......................................................235
Preface
Mites are among the most important arthropods in greenhouses, both as
pests causing economic injury to greenhouse crops and natural enemies
usedinthebiologicalcontrolofpestinsectsandmitesingreenhouses.Be-
causeoftheirminutesize,mitesaremuchlesswellknownthaninsects.Al-
though a great deal has been written on mites of greenhouses in widely
dispersedscientificliterature,thereisalackofacomprehensivetreatment
dedicatedtogreenhousemites.Theneedforsuchabookontheidentifica-
tion,biologyandcontrolofgreenhousemiteshasbeenbroughttomyat-
tention by students, entomologists, pest control workers, and growers,
indirectlythroughcorrespondenceanddirectlythroughinteractionswith
themintrainingcoursesandcollaborativeresearch.
Thisbookisbasedonatrainingmanualpreparedbytheauthorfora
‘ShortCourseonMitesofGreenhouses’,whichwasorganizedbytheau-
thorandtookplaceinthethenCABInternationalInstituteofEntomology
(in the Natural History Museum, London, UK) three times during 1997-
1998 (from 1999, the institute was integrated with other CABI institutes
into CABI Bioscience). The course was primarily designed to help stu-
dents,entomologists,pestcontrolworkers,andgrowerstoidentifymites
thatcommonlyoccurongreenhousecrops,althoughthebiologyandcon-
trolofmajormitepestswerealsocovered.Thefocusofthecourseoniden-
tification was warranted because any successful management of pests
startswiththecorrectdiagnosisofpestdamageandidentificationofpest
species, which are the key to any information about the species. In this
book,however,thedistribution,damage,biologyandcontrolofmitepests
androlesofmitepredatorsinbiologicalcontrolarecovered,inadditionto
provisionofsimplediagnosisanduser-friendlykeys.
Thebookisdividedintothreemainparts.Thefirstpartisanintroduc-
tiontothebookandincludesthreechapters.Chapter1isageneralintro-
ductiontogreenhouses,cropsandmites.ThisisfollowedinChapter2by
an introduction to general mite classification, morphology and biology.
ix
x MitesofGreenhouses
Methodsforcollecting,preservingandpreparingmitesforstudyarecov-
eredinChapter3.Thesecondpartofthebookdealswiththeidentification,
biologyandcontrolofpestmites,includingsixchaptersonspidermites,
false spider mites, tarsonemid mites, eriophyoid mites, acarid mites and
otherpestmites,respectively.Thethirdpartofthebookcoverstheidenti-
fication, biology and application of beneficial mites in biological control
andincludesthreechaptersonphytoseiidmites,laelapidmitesandother
predatorymites,respectively.Attheendofthebook,aglossaryisincluded
andanappendixisprovidedwithinformationonacarologicaljournals,so-
cieties,coursesandwebsites.Anindexisalsoincluded.
Zhi-Qiang-Zhang
Auckland
May2003