Table Of ContentBLUMEA 39 (1994) 373-384
Miscellaneous notes on SoutheastAsian Gramineae. IX.
Setaria and Paspalidium
J.F. Veldkamp
Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, P.O.Box 9514,2300RALeiden,The Netherlands
Summary
PaspalidiumStapfisreduced toSetariaandfivenewcombinations fortheMalesian speciesarepro-
posed.Setariaparviflora (Poir.) Kerguélenis avery polymorphousspeciesand, among others,in-
cludesS.pallide-fusca(Schumach.)Stapf& C.E.Hubb. Setariasphacelala(Schumach.) Stapf&
C.E.Hubb. var. sericea(Stapf&C.E. Hubb.)Claytonisrenamed.
Setaria
SetariaBeauv. is a verypolymorphic genusnot clearly distinctfrom thosewherethe
rhachis ofthebranches terminatesin a deadend or single bristle. SomeAmerican
species havebeenincludedinSetariasection PaurochaetiumPilg. (Pilger, 1940)or
subgenus PaurochaetiumRominger (1962) whilethec. 22 Australianspecies have
beenplaced in Paspalidium Stapf. They obviously belong in asingle supraspecific
taxon best placed in Setaria, as was previously suggested by me (1980) and also
pointed out by Webster (1987: 203).
Led by thesameconvictionMorat(1978) placed S.jaffreiinSetaria, although the
terminalbristle is minuteandsometimes even absent; thestructure of the inflores-
cence is reminiscentofthatfoundinmanyAustralianspecies ofPaspalidium.
In 'true' Paspalidium theprimary branchesalternateon oneoronopposite sides
ofthe commonaxis, butinlooserand denser inflorescences this becomesobscure
andintermediary formsarepresent. AsPaspalidium cannot be delimitedsatisfacto-
rily,itis herereduced toSetaria.
For convenience'ssake akey andanenumerationofthespecies with distribution,
habitat,and somenotes are given. As several species have anextensive synonymy,
thenomenclatureisreduced tothebasionym andanoccasionalsynonymreferredto
inthenotes.
11 ContinuedfromBlumea 38(1993)219.
374 BLUMEA Vol. 39, No. 1/2, 1994
KEY TO THE TAXA
la. Inflorescence lax, interrupted, composed ofracemes with secund spikelets in
tworows 2
b. Inflorescence alaxpanicle or denseandbottle-brush-shaped, thespikelets not
secund nor intwo distinctrows 6
2a. Plantsterrestrial.Branchesoftheinflorescencescaberulous. Lowerglume ovate,
obtuseto apiculate 3
b. Plantssemi-aquatic. Branchesoftheinflorescencesetulose.Lowerglume collar-
shaped, truncate 4
3a. Blades involute, margin atbase glabrous. Inflorescences 0.3-0.6 cm wide(in-
cluding bristles),branches filiform,branches oftheinflorescence apexending in
a bristle. Lower glume amplexicaul . 3. S. distans
b. Bladesflator folded, margin atbase withbulbous-basedbristles. Inflorescences
8-10 cm wide(including bristles), branches ribbon-like, apexending inapoint.
Lower glume hemi-amplexicaul 4.S. flavida
4a. Thelower branchesofthe inflorescencemuch shorterthantheadjoining inter-
nodeofthe commonaxis, apex ending inabristle. Spikelets moderately plano-
convex. Secondlemmatransversally rugose 5
b. Thelowerbranches oftheinflorescence as long asto longer than theadjoining
internodeofthecommon axis, apexending inapoint. Spikelets strongly plano-
convex. Second lemmasubsmoothto transversally rugulose . 5. S. geminata
5a. Lowerglume shorterthan theupperglume, amplexicaul. Upper glume 1.5-2.8
mm long,0.5-0.8times as long as thespikelet. First lemmapaleate, male
7. S. media
b. Lowerglume subequal tothe upperglume, hemi-amplexicaul. Upperglume0.4-
1.2mm long,0.16—0.48timesas long as thespikelet. First lemmaepaleate
11. S. punctata
6a. Bladesplicate. Inflorescencesalax panicle 7
b. Bladesnot plicate. Inflorescencesdense, bottle-brush-shaped 10
7a. Ligule margin setose. Blades basesomewhatpseudo-petiolate. Spikelets ellip-
soid. Lowerglumeovate, acute. Firstlemmaacute toacuminate 8
b. Ligule margin ciliolate.Bladesbase truncate. Spikelets ovoid tooblong. Lower
glume subrotundto deltoid, apiculate. First lemmaapiculate ... 2. S.clivalis
8a. Plantsperennial. Culms erect,branching extra-vaginally atbase(notecataphylls).
Blades setulose or glabrous above, margin atbase glabrous. Commonaxis of
inflorescenceglabrous, scaberulous, branchesscaberulous. Secondlemmaper-
sistent, transversally rugulose 9
b. Plantsannual.Culmsgeniculate androoting atbase,branching intra-vaginally at
base.Bladespilose above, margin atbasewith bulbous-basedbristles. Common
axis ofinflorescence pilose, branches pilose. Secondlemmaeasily detachable
from thespikelet, transversally rugose 1.S. barbata
9a. Leafblades 1-3cm wide. Panicle usually contracted, branchesshort, atmost
6 cm long. Lower glume amplexicaul, 0.9-1 mm long. Lower lemmaacumi-
nate,apex not falcate, usually subequal to slightly longerthanthe distinctly ru-
gose upper lemma 8b. S. palmifolia var. blepharoneuron
J.F.Veldkampr: Miscellaneous noteson Southeast Asian Gramineae 375
b. Leafblades3-12 cmwide.Panicle usually expanded, branches long, upto 30
cmlong. Lowerglume hemi-amplexicaul, 1.1-2mmlong.Lowerlemmaacu-
minate,apexoften contractedinto afalcatecusp, oftenlonger thanthenearly
smooth to finely rugulose upperlemma 8a. S. palmifolia var. palmifolia
10a. Bristlesantrorscly scaberulous. First lemmapaleate, sterileor male 11
b. Bristles retrorsely scaberulous.First lemmaepaleate. Branches oftheinflo-
—
rescence withashortly elongated axis. Spikeletsnotdistinctly secund. Involucre
consisting ofone bristle. Upper glumeobtuse. Secondlemmaeasily detachable
from the spikelet 14. S. verticillata
11a. Branches ofthe inflorescence with an elongated axis. Spikelets not distinct-
ly secund. Involucreconsisting of0-3 bristles. Lower glume amplexicaul.
Upper glume obtuse tomucronate. Secondlemmaeasily detachablefrom the
spikelet 12
b. Branchesoftheinflorescencewiththeaxis not elongated. Spikelets not secund.
Involucre consisting of4-15bristles. Lower glume hemi-amplexicaul. Upper
glumeroundedtoapiculate. Secondlemmapersistent 13
12a. Branchesoftheinflorescencepilose. Spikeletsellipsoid andapparently stipitate
becauseofthe developed internodebetweentheglumes, strongly plano-convex.
Lower glume acute. First lemmaobtuse 6.S. italica
b. Branchesoftheinflorescencesubglabrous. Spikelets ellipsoid and moderately
plano-convex. Lowerglumeacuminatetoapiculate. Firstlemmaapiculate
13.S. viridis
13a. Involucrewithone well-developed spikelet. —Throatofleafbladeusually with
atuftofhairs 14
b. Involucre with 2-4 spikelets 12. S. sphacelata
14a. Spikelets usually 1.9-2.4mmlong.Lowerglume usually0.8-1 mmlong. Up-
per glume usually 1-1.35mm long. Commonin Malesia . 9. S. parviflora
b. Spikelets 2.8-3.5 mm long. Lower glume 1.3-2 mm long. Upper glume
1.95-2.55mmlong. Very rarelycultivatedandescaping in Malesia
10. S. pumila
1. Setariabarbata (Lam.) Kunth
Setaria barbata(Lam.) Kunth, RCvis. Gram. 1 (1829)47. —Panicum barbatumLam.,Tabl. En-
cycl. 1 (1791) 171. —Panicum viaticum Salzm. cx Doell in Mart.,Fl.Bras. 2, 2(1877) 155,
nom.superfl., nonGriff.(1851).—Chamaeraphisviatica O. Ktze, Rev.Gen. PI.2(1891)770,
nom.superfl.—Chaetochloa barbataIlitchc.&Chase,Contr. U.S.Natl. Herb. 18(1917)348,
comb, incorr. —Lectotype: Commerson s.n.(P-LAholo,IDC microfiche 6207,fiche 689, US,
fragm.,L ['Commerson 136'],US).
Distribution- Originally probably from West Africa, now pantropically intro-
duced; inMalesia: Singapore, N Sumatra(E Coast),Java(widespread), Lesser Sunda
Islands (Timor), Celebes (Minahasa), Philippines (Cebu), Irian Jaya (Manokwari),
no doubtelsewhere.
Habitat- Moist, preferably moderately shady locality, waste areas, gardens, not
withstanding trampling,0-900maltitude.
Uses - Liked by cattle, loved by rabbits and grass carps;good value as fodder.
Young shootsareeaten inthePriangan as a vegetable.
376 BLUMEA Vol. 39, No. 1/2, 1994
2. Setaria clivalis (Ridley) Veldkamp
Setaria clivalis(Ridley) Veldkamp,Misc. Pap. LandbouwhogeschoolWageningen 19(1980)317,
t. 1,map 1.—Panicumclivale Ridley, J.Str. Br.Roy. As.Soc. 45 (June1906)242.—Setaria
laxa Merr. var. nativitatis Jansen,Reinwardtia 2(1953)343 (‘navitatis’), comb, incorr.—Type:
Ridley 99(SINGholo;BM,L).
Distribution Malesia: Sumatra(Tapanuli), Java,Kangean I„ ChristmasI., Lesser
-
SundaIslands (Lombok, Sumba, Flores, Timor), Philippines (Luzon).
Habitat- Shady places, undershrubbery, bambu andteak forests, grass fields,
waste places, on calcareous soil, coastal areas, apparently preferring a drydistinct
monsoon; 0-1150maltitude.
Uses - Readily eaten bycattle, nutritionalvaluehigh to very high, butyieldinsuf-
ficient; youngshootsusedas avegetable.
3. Setaria distans (Trin.) Veldkamp, comb. nov.
Panicum distansTrin.,Sp. Gram. 2(1829) t. 172.—Paspalidiumflavidum Camus var. distans
Hook, f.,Fl. Brit. India 7 (1896)29.—PaspalidiumdistansHughes,Kew Bull. (1923)317.—
Lectotype: 'NovaHollandia'.
Paspalidium disjunctum S.T.Blake, Proc. Roy. Soc.Queensl. 84 (1973)65, t.7, f.5. —Type:
S.T. Blake 19899 (BRI holo;L).
Distribution- Australia(W AustraliatoNewSouthWales); Malesia:NewGuinea:
AruIslands (Trangan), Papua NewGuinea(WProvince). Saidto occurin theBonin
Islandsalso (as Paspalidium pacificum Tuyama, nonHitchc. &Chase, or P. tuya-
mae Ohwi,but Ihave seen no specimens). Iftrue, itwouldbe a very curious dis-
junction.
Habitat- Wetsoilin savanna forests, seashore,sometimesweedy, 0-35 m alti-
tude.
Note- Webster(1987: 159) citedR. Brown6098asthetypeofPanicum distans.
As Trinius describedthespecies, the holotype mightbe expected to bein LE, but
was not foundthere by C.E. Hubbard; S.T. Blake (1973) suggested that Trinius
mayhavehadBrown's materialonloan; thentheholotype is in BM, the specimens
marked 'A' by S.T.Blake, andanisotype in K.
4. Setaria flavida (Retz.) Veldkamp, comb. nov.
Panicum flavidum Retz.,Obs. Bot. 4(1786)15.—Paspalidiumflavidum Camus,Fl.G6n. Indo-
Chine 7 (1922)419.—Type:Koenigin Herb. Retzius(LDholo).
Distribution- Mauritius,Reunion,IndiatoAustralia(Queensland), Solomons; in
Malesia: Sumatra(Lampung), Java,Madura,Kangean, LesserSundaIslands (Lom-
bok, Sumba, Sumbawa,Flores, Timor, Kisar), Philippines (Sulu Arch., Luzon,
Bohol, Cebu, Mindanao), Celebes (Tala), Moluccas (Buru).
Habitat- Areas withamoderatetostrong dryseason, lightlyshaded grassfields,
along roads, inopenteakforestandwaste places,locally common,0-500maltitude.
J.F. Veldkampr:Miscellaneous notes on Southeast Asian Gramineae 377
5. Setaria geminata (Forssk.) Veldkamp, comb. nov.
Panicum geminatumForssk., Fl.Aegypt.-Arab.(1775) 18. —Paspalidium geminatumStapf,Fl.
Trop.Afr.9 (1920)585.—Echinochloa geminataRoberty, Bull. I.F.A.N., A 17(1955) 64.
—Type: Forssk&ls.n.(C holo).
Panicum fluitansRetz., Obs.Bot. 3(1783)8.—Type:Koenig in Herb. Retzius (LDholo).
Panicum brizaeformePresl,Rel. Haenk. 1(1830)302.—Lectotype: Haenke (MOholo,fromLuzon,
fide Lamson-Scribner, 1899;specimen inPR fromMexico).
Distribution- Pan(sub)tropical, forMalesiaonly a very few collections: Malay
Peninsula(Selangor), Sumatra(ECoast), Java (Jakarta, Surabaya).
Habitat- Sandy beach wall,brackish ditchesandswampscloseto thesea, locally
abundant,atlow altitude,up to 1500min Africa.
T'-es - Fodderforcattle.
6. Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.
Setaria italica(L.) Beauv., Agrost.(1812)51, 170, 178. —Panicum italicumL„Sp. PI. 1 (1753)
56.—Panicum glomeratumMoench,Meth.PI.(1794)207,nom.superfl. —Pennisetum itali-
cum R.Br.,Prod. 1(1810) 195.—Chamaeraphisitalica Kuntze,Rev.Gen. PI.2(1891)767. —
IxophorusitalicusNash,Bull. TorreyBot.Club 22 (1895)423. —Chaetochloa italica Scribn.,
U.S. Dept.Agric. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4(1897) 39,comb, incorr. —Panicum virideL.subsp.
italicum Asch. & Graebn.,Syn. Mitteleur. 2(1899)77. —Setariopsis italica Sampaio, Ann.
Fac. Sc. Porto 19(1934)69.—Lectotype: Herb.Linn. 80-14 (LINNholo).
Distribution- Originally probably fromwarm-temperatesubtropical Eurasia, in-
troduced elsewhere, formerly widely spread in Malesia: Malay Peninsula(Perak,
Malacca,Pahang), Singapore, Sumatra(throughout), Java(lowermountainregions),
Madura, Kangean, Lesser SundaIslands (Alor,Bali, Flores, Kisar, Lombok,Roti,
Sumba, Sawu, Solor,TanimbarI., Timor,Wetar), Kalimantan(Karimata Islands),
Philippines (throughout), Celebes (Minahasa, Toraja, Ujung Pandang), Moluccas
(Ambon, Buru,Ceram,Halmaheira,KaiIslands,Ternate,Tidore, Uliassar, Talaud),
New Guinea(Biak).
Habitat- Cultivatedandescaping to dryfields, disturbedareas, oldclearings, up
to 1450maltitude.
Vernacularnames - Foxtail millet, Hungarian grass,Italianmillet,millet(E.).
Uses- Anancientcereal,already cultivatedintheBronzeAge inEurope, usedin
porridge by theaborigines ofCentralMalaya andDayaks. Nowofslight importance
as abird seed,a faminecrop, or for ancestor rituals, and as fodder, thatching, and
straw, butsaidto beunsuitableforhorses. Deliciouscakes can bemade with sugar
andcoconut.
InIndiagrains are used as asedativewithchildbirth.Saidtomakebeermorein-
toxicating. By some statednot to be a good cereal, as it wouldbe a siccative and
constipative, butother sourcesreportit as alaxativeand diuretic.InMaduraa con-
coctionofpounded grainwas usedagainst fever.
Notes- Very polymorphic dueto itsancient cultivation, butrather uniformin
Malesia.
378 BLUMEA Vol. 39, No. 1/2, 1994
Burkill [Diet. Econ.Prod. Mai.Pen.(1935) 2034] reports theoccurrence of two
races in Malaya withoutfurther specification. A collection(Kafrawi MS 1029,L)
from Singapore differsfromothers seenbythelarger spikelets and theirparts: 2.6-3
mm long, lowerglume 1.2-1.35mm long,0.46-0.49times aslong as thespikelet,
4-or 5-nerved,upper glume c. 2.25 mmlong, 7- or 8-nerved,anthers 0.9mm long,
yellow andnot purple asin theothers.
Somereport spikelets as long as 3.5 mmwith anthersof 1.55 mm. I have seen
noneoftheseinMalesia.
Supposed tohavebeenderivedfromS. viridis withwhichitmay hybridize natu-
rally(Darmency etal., 1987).Thegenerallysterile (but not all!) hybrids are indistin-
guishable from S. viridisvar. major (Gaud.) Posp., which mayhave originated a
wildx crophybrid.
InTimorarace was (is?) presentwherethebristlesare virtuallyabsent.
Monstrosities withdistallyforkedinflorescencesas depicted by Rumphius occa-
sionally occur.
7. Setaria mediaVeldkamp, spec. nov.
?PaspalidiumpunctatumCamusvar.longiglumeJansen,Reinwardtia 2(1953)319.—Type:Backer
22843 (BO holo).
Paspalidiumpunctatumauct.nonCamus.
Plantae semi-aquaticae,inflorescentiae laxae intcrruptaeeracemis compositae,rami taeniformes
setulosi apicein setaterminato,infimi axis communis internodiis contiguis breviores, spiculac
secundae biseriatae moderate plano-convexae2.8-3.2 mm longae,glumainferior superiorebrevior
amplexicaulis torquatatruncata, lemma primum paleatum,secundum transversaliter rugosum. —
Typus: vanRoyen4592 (Lholo).
Plantsperennial, semi-aquatic, caespitose. Culms erectto geniculate androoting at
base, long-creeping, floating, branching extra-vaginally at base (note cataphylls),
0.9-2m long.Ligulea scarious setose collar.Bladesflatto folded,not plicate, 13-
25 cm by 4.5-8 mm,glabrous above,basetruncate,margin atbase glabrous, apex
gradually acute.Inflorescences lax andinterrupted, 16-36by0.4-1.2 cm (including
bristles), commonaxisglabrous, scaberulous.Branchesoftheinflorescencewithan
elongated axis, ribbon-like, with 2-moresecund spikelets, thelowermuchshorter
thantheadjoining internodeofthecommonaxis, setulose, apexending in abristle.
Involucre absent. Bristles 2.25-6.5 mm long, antrorsely scaberulous. Spikelets
ellipsoid, moderately plano-convex, 2.8-3.2 mm long. Lowerglume shorter than
the upper glume, amplexicaul, collar-shaped, 0.5-1.1 mm long, 0.16-0.37times
as long as the spikelet, truncate,0-nerved. Upper glume 1.5-2.85mm long,0.5-
0.8 times as long as the spikelet, truncate to rounded, 3-5-nerved. First lemma
paleate, male(rarely epaleate), acuminate, 3-5-nerved.Second lemmapersistent,
apiculate, transversallyrugose.Anthers 1.3-1.9mmlong.
Distribution- IrianJaya,Merauke.
Habitat- Along creek, grassplains andmarshymeadowsbehinddunes,ricefields,
0-5 m altitude.
Notes- Ohwi (msc.) distinguished aPaspalidium longiglume from Jakartaand
perhaps from Surabaya, published as var. longiglume by Jansen.Itwoulddifferby
J.F. Veldkampr:Miscellaneous noteson Southeast Asian Gramineae 379
having spikelets morethan 3 mm long, a morecollar-shaped lowerglume, awell-
developed, 5-nervedupperglume,andamalelowerfloretwithapalea aboutas long
as the lemma. Thepopulation nearMerauke conformsto this description, but is
otherwiseas S. punctata. Not having seenOhwi's specimens (all in BO) Icannot
confirmthat the two are identical.The resulting disjunction is suspicious, and it
might bepossible thatthis is a hybridbetweenS.flavida andS. punctata and then
,
introducedinMerauke, whereit was saidtobe locally dominantbehindthedunesof
Borim, and along theroad from Mopa. Itwas notedto growinaricefieldabandoned
by Javanese(!). Itis,however, not thehybrid as describedby Singh etal.(1966: 522).
The lowerlemmawas onceobserved tobeepaleate.
8. Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf
Forsynonymy seeunderthe typical variety.
a. var. palmifolia
Setariapalmifolia (Koenig) Stapf, J. Linn. Soc., London, Bot. 42 (1914) 186; Saw etal., Flori-
bunda 1 (1988)21.— Panicum palmifoliumKoenig,Naturforsch. 23 (1788)208 ('palmaefo-
lium’).—Type:Koenig s.n.(BM holo).
Distribution- IndiatoChina, Japan, throughout Malesia to New Guinea, notin
Australia; introducedelsewhere.
Habitat- Moistplaces underthickets, stream banks, forestpaths, incoffee(some
timesintea) plantations, locally abundant,up to2050m altitude.
Vernacularnames- Highland pitpit,palm grass (E.).
Uses - AminorcerealinthePhilippines. Locally cultivated foritsedibleyoung
shoots and fleshy leafsheaths in NewGuinea, where boiled pith is used against
stomach ache, diarrhoea,fever, colds. Anornamentalin greenhouses.
b. var. blepharoneuron (A. Braun) Veldk.
Setariapalmifolia (Koenig)Stapfvar.blepharoneuron(A.Braun)Veldkampin Sawetal.,Floribun-
da 1 (1988)22.—Panicum neurodes Schult. var.blepharoneuronA.Braun, App.Gen. & Sp.
Nov. Hort.Reg. Berol. 1855(1856)20.—Type: Wallich 8703 (Bholo;K,L).
Distribution- India, SriLanka,toSChina,Japan; inMalesia: Celebes(Tondano).
Uses - Emollientand diuretic; youngshootsedible; leaves usedin a decoctionfor
irregular menstruation.
9. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen
Setariaparviflora (Poir.)Kergudlen,Lejeunia120(1987) 161.—Cenchrusparviflorus Poir. inLam.,
Encycl. Mdth.6 (1804)52. — Setariaventenatii Kunth,R6vis.Gram. 1 (1830)251,t.37,nom.
superfl. —Panicum ventenatii Steud., Nom. Bot. ed.2, 1(1840) 317;2(1841)265,574, non
P.parviflorum R.Br.(1810).—Chamaeraphisventenatii Beal,Gr.N. Amer. 2(1896)153,nom.
superfl.—Chaetochloa corrugata(Ell.)Scribn. var.parviflora Scribn. &Merr.,U.S.Dept.Agric.
Div. Agrost. Bull. 21 (1900)24,t. 12, nom.superfl. — Chaetochloa parviflora Scribn. ex
Millsp., Field Mus.Bot. 2(1900)26,comb, incorr. —Chaetochloa ventenatii Nash in Kearney,
Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 5 (1901)515,nom.superfl. —Type: Ventenat (P-LAholo;USphoto).
380 BLUMEA Vol. 39, No. 1/2, 1994
Panicumpallide-fuscum Schumach., Beskr.Guin. PL (1827)78. —Setaria pallide-fuscaStapf&
C.E. Hubb., KewBull. (1930)259. —Setariaglauca (L.)Beauv. var.pallide-fuscaKoyama,
J.Jap. Bot. 37 (1962)237. —Setaria pumila(Poir.)Roem. & Schult. subsp.pallide-fusca
Simon,Austrobaileya2(1984)248. —Type: Thonning(C holo)
Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv. subsp. subtesselata (incl.forma normalis,nom.inval.)Buse,PI. Jungh.
3(1854)369. —Lectotype: Junghuhns.n. (Lholo, sh.903.342-138).
Setaria surgens Stapf,Kew Bull. (1909)265. —Type:Versteeg 1907 (K.holo, but said nottobe
there byReeder: BO,L,providedwith alabelbyStapf).
Setaria montanaReeder,J.ArnoldArbor.29 (1948)304. —Type:Brass 11488 (Aholo;US).
Setaria roemeri Jansen,Reinwardtia 2(1953)340,1.18(‘roemerii’).—Type:Roemeri611 (Lholo).
Distribution- Pan(sub)tropical, widespread inMalesia.
Habitat- Roadsides, waste and burned areas, fields, openforest, sandy beaches,
locally common, andthenconspicuous byits glaucous foliage andgolden topurplish
reddishinflorescences, 0-1650(-2800) m altitude.
Notes- A very polymorphic species withanintricate nomenclature, atpresent
generally known in SoutheastAsiaas S.pallide-fusca, butunfortunatelytobe called
S. parviflora.
Itmaywellbeconspecific withS.pumila (Poir.)Roem. &Schult. (Clayton, 1979)
for thetwo are extremely similar. To retainsomeorderin this polymorphic group,
though, it seems convenienttoregard S.pumila as distinctbecauseofthe size(2.8-
3.5mm long) and shape (relatively broad) ofthespikelets. Ithasbeen saidthatits
leavesaretwistedwhilestraight inS.parviflora,butthisis difficultto seewhen dry,
andIamnot sure itholdsuniversally true.
Even so,S.pumila remainsa very variablespecies withanextensive nomencla-
ture. In olderliteratureitis usually calledS. glauca (L.) Beauv., but itsbasionym,
Panicumglaucum L., is nowconsidered tobebest applied to pearlmillet,Pennise-
tum glaucum (L.)R.Br.
Simon(1984) regarded ‘Setariapallide-fusca’ as asubspecies ofS. pumila be-
cause ofthedifferenceinthelength ofthespikelets. InMalesiathese are generally
1.9-2.4 mm long, but especially in the Philippines, New Guinea, and Australia
there are plants with up to3.2mm long spikelets, which otherwisehavethenarrow
aspect ofS.parviflora andhavethereforebeenincludedhereinthelatter.Ifaccepted
as asubspecies, theepithet'subtesselata’ haspriority.
InNewGuineamanyspecimens with largespikelets have arelativelylonger up-
per glume, whichhave been distinguished as S. montana Reeder. They apparently
occur togetherwiththe 'normal' form,aswas pointed outby Reederforaparatype,
Brass 11814, ‘montana’ in A, ‘pallide-fusca’ in US (and L) andis also shownby
Vink 16314, ‘parviflora’, and 16314-A, ‘montana’ (L). Setariamontanadoesseem
to have awider altitudinalrange, butoccurs atsea-level, too. Evenlonger glumes
has the form describedas S. surgens, the lower becoming acuminate, up to 0.62
timesas long as thespikelet, theupperup to0.92 as long as thespikelet. Itis amat-
ter oftaste, however, where toplace intermediateforms, andthe taxa are included
here.
Setariasurgens leadstotheAustralianS. apiculata (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.,
which according toWebster(1987: 204) differsby (only statistically) longerspike-
letsanda differentdistribution.
J.F.Veldkampr:Miscellaneous notes on Southeast Asian Gramineae 381
Aformwithlong inflorescenceshasbeencalledS.roemeriby Jansen.
Thesculpture ofthefertilelemmais sometimes mentionedasdistinctivebetween
the various forms, but in factranges fromfaintly to distinctly transversally rugose
and so offers no differences.The first lemmais sometimesalso slightly indurated
and rugulose.
Setariaparviflorais bysome dividedintoanannualandaperennialtaxon, S.pal-
lide-fusca andS.parviflora s.s„respectively. Theperennial one wouldbetheonly
oneoriginally presentintheNewWorldandintroducedelsewhere. Itis certainthat
perennials occur in Malesia, viz. the presenceofextravaginal basal branching and
cataphylls, but these mightwell representdifferentstages in development as was
by Stapf forS. surgens. Moreover,annualsandperennials are sometimes
difficult to distinguish in Malesia. Naturally,because bylack of seasons such a dis-
tinctionis impossible, artificially, becauseoftenbasalparts havenot been collected.
There seemstobe no other differencebetweenthe annualsand perennials than the
lifeformandthetwo shouldnotbeseparated. If, with anutmostdegree ofimagina-
tion, wekeep themapart,a great dealofspecimens cannotbeidentified.
10. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem.& Schult.
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.,Syst. Nat. 2 (1817)891. —Panicum pumilumPoir. in
Lam., Encycl. Mdth.,Suppl. 4 (1816)273. —Panicum imberbePoir. var.pumilum Nees,
Agrost. Bras. (1829)240. —Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. var.pumilaPodpdra, Kv6t.Moravy6
(1926)483,nonAsch.& Graebn.(1906).—Type:Herb. Desfontaines(FIholo;P).
Distribution- Originally fromtemperateto subtropicalEurasia, introducedelse-
where,e.g. inMalesia: Java (fide Jansen,msc.), Philippines (Luzon).
Habitat- Cultivatedplaces,altitudenot indicated.
Vernacularnames - Yellowbrisde-grass, yellow foxtail, pigeon grass(E.).
Uses - Fodder of good quality. Grainsused as a minorcereal, also used as a
basis forspirit. Usedas alawngrass, but mayturn out to betoo weedy for gooduse.
Note- Avery polymorphic species withanintricatenomenclature.Inolderlitera-
ture usually calledS. glauca, butits basionym, Panicum glaucum, seems best ap-
plied toaPennisetumspecies (see notesunderS.parviflora).
11. Setariapunctata (Burm. f.) Veldkamp, comb. nov.
Panicum punctatumBurm.f„ Fl.Ind. (1768)26.—Panicum brizoidesL.,Mant. 2(1771) 184,
nom. superfl.—Paspalidiumpunctatum Camus,Fl.Gen. Indo-Chine 7 (1922)419. —Pas-
palumpunctatumStapfexRidley, Fl.Malay Penins. 5 (1925)218.—Lectotype: Plukenet
(BMholo)(seenote).
Panicum mucronatumRoth ex Roem. &Schult.,Syst. Veg.2(1817)425. —Paspalidiummucro-
natumOhwi,Acta Phytotax.Geobot. 11 (1942)33.—Type: Heyne(B,extant?).
PaspalumpluriracemosumSteud.,Syn. 1 (1853)27.—Lectotype:Cuming532(Pholo;L).
Distribution- EAfricatoChina,Malesia: Malay Peninsula(Pedis, Kedah, Selan-
gor,Johor),Sumatra(E Coast), Java(Surabaya, Pasuruan), Borneo(Tanjungredeb),
Philippines (Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao,Samar),Celebes (Palu).
382 BLUMEA Vol. 39, No. 1/2, 1994
Habitat - In up to2 m deep freshwater, open muddy places, marshes, along
rivers, locallyplentiful,0-70maltitude.
Note- Clayton& Renvoize(1982) cited aPlukenetspecimen as the(lecto)type.
Thismakes Panicum brizoidesL., usually citedas asynonym ofEchinochloa colo-
num (L.) Link, superfluous and homotypic. Ifa Burman specimen canbe located
(G?) thisshould havepreference.
12. Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf& C.E. Hubb. ex Moss ex Stapf &
C.E. Hubb.
Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.)Stapf&C.E.Hubb. ex Moss[KewBull. (1929)184, 195,nomen]
exStapf & C.E. Hubb., Fl.Trop. Afr. 9 (1930)795.—Panicum sphacelatum Schumach.,
Beskr.Guin. PI.(1827)78.—Type:Thonning(C holo).
Notes- Mossis oftencited as theauthorofthecombination.Kartesz & Ghandi
(1990) haveclearly shown thatthis was erroneous andthat hepublished a nomen
nudum, firstvalidatedby Stapf& Hubbard(1930).
Setariasphacelata is a very polymorphic species. Clayton (1979: 503) has divided
itinto5 varietieswhichintergrade completely, but "thosethatwishtoindicatetheap-
proximate position of theirplants withinitmayhaveameansofdoing so."
Setariaanceps var. sericeaStapfex Broun& Massey (1929) is anomennudum,
validly published by Stapf & C.E.Hubbard(1930). Thisautomatically generated the
autonymS. anceps var. anceps,whichvarietalepithet haspriority over sericea’.
var. anceps (Stapf & C.E. Hubb.) Veldkamp, comb. nov.
Setaria ancepsStapfexStapf& C.E.Hubb.,Fl.Trop.Afr. 9(1930)793, incl. var. anceps by im-
plicationbecause ofthe nextentry.—Lectotype: Howes■983 (Kholo).
Setaria anceps Stapf& C.E.Hubb. var. sericea Stapfex Stapf& C.E.Hubb., Fl.Trop. Afr. 9
(1930)794.—Setaria sphacelata(Schumach.)Stapf& C.E.Hubb. var. sericea Clayton,Kew
Bull. 33 (1979)506,nom. superfl. —Type:Schweinfurth 182(Kholo).
InMalesiathevarietiesanceps, splendida, andintermediatesarecultivatedandescap-
ing (see Hacker, 1992).
la. Culms4-10-noded,3-6 mmindiameteratbase,up to 2 m tall. Blades3-10
mmwide. Panicle 7-25cm long var.anceps
b. Culms6-16-noded,6-12 mmindiameteratbase,up to3m tall.Blades 10-20
mm wide. Panicle20-50cm long var. splendida
13. Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv.
Setaria verticillata(L.)Beauv., Agrost.(1812)51, 171, 178.—Panicum verticillatum L.,Sp. PL,
ed.2, 1 (1762)82.—Pennisetum verticillatumR.Br.,Prod. 1(1810) 195.—Chamaeraphis
italica(L.) Kuntze var. verticillata Kuntze,Rev.Gen. PI.2(1891)768.—Chamaeraphis ver-
ticillataPorter, Bull. Torrey Bot.Club 20 (1893) 196.—Ixophorus verticillatus Nash,Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club 22 (1895) 422. —Chaetochloa verticillata Scribn., U.S.Dept. Agric. Div.
