Minor Spices and Condiments: Global Economic Potential

233 Pages·2021·7.598 MB·English

by  Kodoth Prabhakaran Nair

Kodoth Prabhakaran Nair
Minor
Spices and
Condiments
Global Economic Potential
Minor Spices and Condiments
Kodoth Prabhakaran Nair
Minor Spices and
Condiments
Global Economic Potential
Kodoth Prabhakaran Nair
Villament G3
C/o Dr. Mavila Pankajakshy
Malaparamba, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
ISBN 978-3-030-82245-3 ISBN 978-3-030-82246-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82246-0
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
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My late father Kuniyeri Pookkalam Kannan Nair, a well-respected police officer who
served the Imperial Police and was decorated with the King George V medal for brav-
ery and honesty, and my late mother Kodoth Padinhareveetil Narayani Amma, daugh-
ter of the aristocratic Kodoth family of North Malabar, Kerala State, India; I lost them
both at a very young age, but whose endearing love and blessings made me what I
am today
The late Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, India’s great president, launched the book Issues in
National and International Agriculture, authored by Professor Kodoth Prabhakaran
Nair, at the Raj Bhavan (Governor’s Office), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
I dedicate this important book, compiled at
the most difficult phase of my professional
life, with so many constraints coming my
way, in particular, due to the global covid
pandemic, to the memory of my late eldest
brother Dr. Kodoth Padinhareveetil Krishnan
Nair, a Physician par excellence, a
magnanimous soul, one who had helped
innumerable persons, and his wife, Shrimathi
Sathy V. Nair, who treated me like a mother,
and, also my elder brother late Engineer
Kodoth Padinhareveetil Rathnakaran Nair,
known for his foresight and forth
righteousness, who motivated me to study
agricultural science, in India, at a time when
the subject was least sought after, in fact,
looked down upon. The former financed my
undergraduate studies in agriculture, the
latter, my post graduate studies. My late
sisters, Kodoth Padinahareveetil Karthiayini
Amma and Dr. Kodoth Padinhareveetil
Meenakshi Amma were also supportive of my
education, though not financially, during my
very difficult younger days
Acknowledgements
It is my great pleasure to very sincerely thank Ms. Deepthi Vasudevan, Project
Editor (Books), who was so very conscientious of her editorial responsibilities, and
Mr. P. Balaji, Project Manager, and his team, who did a remarkable job in the pro-
duction of this important book.
Dr. J. Rema, Director, Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR), Calicut, Kerala
State, India, was very gracious to provide most of the excellent color photographs.
I am also grateful to Dr. Jayasree, Head of Post Harvest Technology at IISR, who
also very kindly provided some of the color photos. I am much indebted to both.
ix
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Onion and Garlic -Bulbous Spices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Onion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
New Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Crop Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Soil Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Crop Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Transplanting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Direct Bulb Planting for Green Onions as Salad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Direct Planting Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Interculture, Weeding and Rogueing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Seed Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Isolation Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Crop Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Cold Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Storage Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Neck Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Sorting and Grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
xi
xii Contents
Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Effect of Packing Material on Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Garlic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Crop Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Curing, Packaging and Storing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Uses of Garlic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Garlic as an Insecticide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Garlic in Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Leek/Stone Leek/Welsh Onion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Crop Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Ajowan or Bishop’s Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Crop Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Cultural Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Rainfed Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Post-Harvest Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Processed Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Essential Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Medical Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Celery Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Economic Importance and International Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Area and Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Crop Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Land Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Sowing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Plant Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Tissue Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Threshing and Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Post Harvest Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Adulteration in Celery Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Packaging and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Processed Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Seed-Based Processed Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Celery Seed Oleoresin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55