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Mining in the Southern California Deserts: A Historic Context Statement and Research Design Karen K. Swope and Carrie J. Gregory Submitted to Sterling White Desert District Abandoned Mine Lands and Hazardous Materials Program Lead U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management California Desert District Office 22835 Calle San Juan de los Lagos Moreno Valley, CA 92553 Prepared for James Barnes Associate State Archaeologist U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management California State Office 2800 Cottage Way, Ste. W-1928 Sacramento, CA 95825 and Tiffany Arend Desert District Archaeologist U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management California Desert District Office 22835 Calle San Juan de los Lagos Moreno Valley, CA 92553 Technical Report 17-42 Statistical Research, Inc. Redlands, California Mining in the Southern California Deserts: A Historic Context Statement and Research Design Karen K. Swope and Carrie J. Gregory Submitted to Sterling White Desert District Abandoned Mine Lands and Hazardous Materials Program Lead U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management California Desert District Office 22835 Calle San Juan de los Lagos Moreno Valley, CA 92553 Prepared for James Barnes Associate State Archaeologist U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management California State Office 2800 Cottage Way, Ste. W-1928 Sacramento, CA 95825 and Tiffany Arend Desert District Archaeologist U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management California Desert District Office 22835 Calle San Juan de los Lagos Moreno Valley, CA 92553 Technical Report 17-42 Statistical Research, Inc. Redlands, California October 2017 CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... xi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... xiii Management Summary ............................................................................................................................... xv Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 1.1  Regulatory Context ................................................................................................................................ 1.5  Methods and Sources ............................................................................................................................. 1.5  Document Organization ......................................................................................................................... 1.8  2.Historic Context.............................................................................................................................................. 2.1  Environmental Setting ............................................................................................................................ 2.3  Geophysical Provinces ....................................................................................................................... 2.3  Mojave Desert ................................................................................................................................ 2.3  Great Basin .................................................................................................................................... 2.5  Sierra Nevada ................................................................................................................................. 2.5  Colorado Desert ............................................................................................................................. 2.6  Transverse, Peninsular, and Coast Ranges ..................................................................................... 2.6  Boundaries ......................................................................................................................................... 2.7  Cultural Setting ...................................................................................................................................... 2.7  Historical Overview ........................................................................................................................... 2.7  Discovery and Early Mining Development in the Study Area .......................................................... 2.8  Cultural Events ............................................................................................................................... 2.8  Foreign Miners’ Tax of 1850, Chinese Exclusion Laws ............................................................ 2.8  Post–Gold Rush Prospecting ...................................................................................................... 2.8  Economic Events ........................................................................................................................... 2.9  Coinage Acts of 1849 and 1853 ................................................................................................. 2.9  1873 Coinage Act and Panic ...................................................................................................... 2.9  1878 Bland-Allison Act ............................................................................................................. 2.9  Technological Developments ....................................................................................................... 2.10  1877 California State Geological Society Established ............................................................. 2.11  1880 California State Mining Bureau Established ................................................................... 2.11  Legislation ................................................................................................................................... 2.13  Mining Act of 1866 .................................................................................................................. 2.13  General Mining Act of 1872 .................................................................................................... 2.13  Growth and Zenith of Mining Activities in the Study Area ............................................................ 2.14  Cultural Events ............................................................................................................................. 2.14  World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 ...................................................................... 2.14  Unionization and Strikes .......................................................................................................... 2.15  Mining Discoveries at the Turn of the Twentieth Century ...................................................... 2.16   World War I ............................................................................................................................. 2.16  Economic Events ......................................................................................................................... 2.16  Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 and the Panic of 1893 .................................................. 2.18  Gold Standard Act of 1900 ...................................................................................................... 2.18  iii San Francisco Earthquake 1906 ............................................................................................... 2.18  Panic of 1907 ........................................................................................................................... 2.18  Technological Developments ....................................................................................................... 2.19  Recovery by Chlorination, Flotation, and Cyanidation ........................................................... 2.24  Safety Regulations and Accidents ............................................................................................ 2.26  Bureau of Mines Established ................................................................................................... 2.28  Carbide Lamps ......................................................................................................................... 2.28  Decline and Resurgence of Mining Activities in the Study Area .................................................... 2.29   Cultural Events ............................................................................................................................. 2.29  1929 Stock Market Collapse and the Great Depression ........................................................... 2.29  World War II ............................................................................................................................ 2.31  Economic Events ......................................................................................................................... 2.31  Gold Reserve Act 1933/Price-of-Gold Increase 1934/Silver Purchase Act 1934 .................... 2.31  U.S. War Production Board Limitation Order L-208............................................................... 2.31  World War II ............................................................................................................................ 2.32  Legislation ................................................................................................................................... 2.34  1952 Legal Guide for California Prospectors and Miners ....................................................... 2.34  Multiple Surface Use Mining Act of July 23, 1955 ................................................................. 2.34  Summary of the Modern Period in the Study Area .......................................................................... 2.34  Important Personages ....................................................................................................................... 2.35  Pete Aguereberry ......................................................................................................................... 2.35  Elias J. “Lucky” Baldwin ............................................................................................................. 2.35  Charles and Rose Burcham .......................................................................................................... 2.36  William T. Coleman ..................................................................................................................... 2.36  Wyatt Earp ................................................................................................................................... 2.37  Charles “Seldom Seen Slim” Ferge ............................................................................................. 2.38  James M. Gerstley ........................................................................................................................ 2.38  Frank “Shorty” Harris .................................................................................................................. 2.39  Henry J. Kaiser ............................................................................................................................. 2.39  Walter Marvin Knott .................................................................................................................... 2.39  John Lemoigne ............................................................................................................................. 2.39  Remi Nadeau ................................................................................................................................ 2.40  William Henry “Burro” Schmidt ................................................................................................. 2.40  Francis Marion “Borax” Smith .................................................................................................... 2.40  Study-Area Mining History by County ............................................................................................ 2.40  Mono County ............................................................................................................................... 2.41  Inyo County ................................................................................................................................. 2.42  Kern County ................................................................................................................................. 2.45  San Bernardino County ................................................................................................................ 2.48  Los Angeles County ..................................................................................................................... 2.51  Orange County ............................................................................................................................. 2.51  Riverside County ......................................................................................................................... 2.53  San Diego County ........................................................................................................................ 2.53  Imperial County ........................................................................................................................... 2.56  Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 2.58  3. Property Types ............................................................................................................................................... 3.1  Extraction Property Types ..................................................................................................................... 3.3  Claim Markers ................................................................................................................................... 3.3  Prospects ............................................................................................................................................ 3.5  Shafts ................................................................................................................................................. 3.8  Adits ................................................................................................................................................. 3.10  iv Surface Workings ............................................................................................................................ 3.12  Underground Workings ................................................................................................................... 3.12  Drilled Boulders ............................................................................................................................... 3.14  Waste-Rock Dumps/Low-Grade-Ore Dumps .................................................................................. 3.14  Artifacts ........................................................................................................................................... 3.15  Beneficiation Property Types ............................................................................................................... 3.18  Cobbing Platforms ........................................................................................................................... 3.18  Assaying........................................................................................................................................... 3.18  Mills/Mill Foundations .................................................................................................................... 3.19  Mill Tailings and Smelter Waste ..................................................................................................... 3.25  Artifacts ........................................................................................................................................... 3.27  Secondary Mining-Related Property Types ......................................................................................... 3.27  Ore Bins ........................................................................................................................................... 3.29  Ore Chutes ....................................................................................................................................... 3.29  Grizzlies ........................................................................................................................................... 3.31  Smithy .............................................................................................................................................. 3.31  Livestock Facilities .......................................................................................................................... 3.32  Water-Storage Facilities .................................................................................................................. 3.32  Built-Environment Resources .......................................................................................................... 3.32  Support-System Property Types .......................................................................................................... 3.34  Buildings and Ruins ......................................................................................................................... 3.34  Refuse Deposits ............................................................................................................................... 3.41  Privies .............................................................................................................................................. 3.42  Cemeteries ....................................................................................................................................... 3.42  Artifacts ........................................................................................................................................... 3.44  Linear Property Types .......................................................................................................................... 3.45  Transportation .................................................................................................................................. 3.45  Aerial Ore Conveyance .................................................................................................................... 3.47  Ore-Car Conveyance ........................................................................................................................ 3.49  Utility Transmission ........................................................................................................................ 3.51  Water Conveyance ........................................................................................................................... 3.51  Artifacts ........................................................................................................................................... 3.52  Cultural Landscapes ............................................................................................................................. 3.52  4.Research Design ............................................................................................................................................ 4.1  Industrial Archaeology, Historical Archaeology, and the Development of Mining-Sites Research ...... 4.1  Previous Research at Mining Sites in the Study Area ....................................................................... 4.2  Research Potential .............................................................................................................................. 4.4  Research Theme: Material Culture at Mining Sites in the California Deserts ................................... 4.4  Research Questions ........................................................................................................................ 4.7  Data Needs ..................................................................................................................................... 4.7  Research Theme: Small- and Large-Scale Environmental Modifications ......................................... 4.8  Small-Scale Environmental Modifications .................................................................................... 4.8  Large-Scale Environmental Modifications .................................................................................. 4.11  Research Questions ...................................................................................................................... 4.12  Data Needs ................................................................................................................................... 4.12  Research Theme: Dynamic Capitalism ............................................................................................ 4.12  Research Questions ...................................................................................................................... 4.15  Data Needs ................................................................................................................................... 4.15  Research Theme: Character of Cabins Associated with Mining Sites in the California Desert ...... 4.15  Research Questions ...................................................................................................................... 4.17  Data Needs ................................................................................................................................... 4.18  v 5.Evaluation Procedures ................................................................................................................................. .5.1  Background, Archival, and Archaeological Records Research ............................................................. 5.1  Archaeological Records Search ......................................................................................................... 5.1  Background and Archival Research ................................................................................................... 5.2  Historic-Context Development ............................................................................................................ 5.12  Field Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 5.13  Delineation of the APE .................................................................................................................... 5.13  Site Mapping and Recording ........................................................................................................... 5.15  Recording the Built Environment ................................................................................................ 5.15  Recording Cultural Landscapes ................................................................................................... 5.18  Archaeological Excavation and Data-Recovery Strategies ............................................................. 5.20  Federal Responsibilities for Cultural Resource Management .............................................................. 5.21  NRHP-Eligibility Criteria ................................................................................................................ 5.22  Integrity ............................................................................................................................................ 5.25  Evaluating Archaeological Property Types ..................................................................................... 5.26  Evaluating Built-Environment Property Types................................................................................ 5.28  Evaluating Cultural Landscapes ...................................................................................................... 5.29  Reporting and Curation ........................................................................................................................ 5.30  6.Preservation Goals ........................................................................................................................................ 6.1  Historical-Period Mining Sites and the BLM’s Multiple-Use Mission ................................................. 6.1  Brief History of the BLM’s Preservation Efforts at Historical-Period Mining Sites in the CDD and the Bishop Field Office ............................................................................................... 6.2  AML-Remediation Projects ............................................................................................................... 6.3  Modern Mining in the California Deserts and the Threat to Historical-Period Mining Sites ............ 6.4  Recreation in the California Deserts and Historical-Period Mining Sites ......................................... 6.5  Heritage Tourism ................................................................................................................................... 6.6  Creative Mitigation .............................................................................................................................. 6.10  Concluding Thoughts ........................................................................................................................... 6.12  Sidebars Standard References on Lode Mining in the Western United States Historical Aerial Photographs General Land Office Records Overview of California Desert Mining History Definitions for Building and Structure Recommended Guidance for Surveying and Recording the Built Environment Definitions for Site and District Recommended Guidance on Surveying the Cultural Landscape Survey in Rural Areas References Cited ........................................................................................................................................... Refs.1 Appendix A. Glossary of Mining Terms ........................................................................................................... A.1 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Fruit-crate label, dating ca. 1920s, from Mutual Orange Distributors, Redlands, California ............................................................................................................................................ 1.2 Figure 1.2. Map of the project Study Area ............................................................................................... 1.3 Figure 2.1. Map showing the geophysical provinces of the California deserts ........................................ 2.4 Figure 2.2. Example of a silver certificate from 1928 ............................................................................ 2.10 Figure 2.3. Blasting-cap-tin lids, Hart Mining District, San Bernardino County, 1998 ......................... 2.11 Figure 2.4. Engraving of the Mines and Mining Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois ........................................................................................................................... 2.14 Figure 2.5. Bodie Miners’ Union Hall in Mono County, California ....................................................... 2.15 Figure 2.6. Mount Whipple Gold Mining Company stock certificate .................................................... 2.17 Figure 2.7. Photograph of Orville Rowe operating a mechanical drill underground, ca. 1950 (location unknown) .......................................................................................................................................... 2.20 Figure 2.8. Aerial tramway, Beveridge Mining District, Inyo County, 1991 ......................................... 2.21 Figure 2.9. Photograph of a man operating a hoist at a mine run by Free Gold Mining Company, Hedges, California, ca. 1905 ............................................................................................................ 2.22 Figure 2.10. Steam engine, Beveridge Mining District, Inyo County, 1991 .......................................... 2.23 Figure 2.11. Embossed cyanide-drum lid, Valley View Mine, Hart Mining District, San Bernardino County, 1991 .................................................................................................................................... 2.25 Figure 2.12. Headline reporting an accident at the Branch Mine, San Bernardino County, as it appeared in the San Bernardino Sun-Telegram, 1938 ...................................................................... 2.27 Figure 2.13. Calcium-carbide-can top, Hart Mining District, San Bernardino County, 1998 ................ 2.28 Figure 2.14. World War II scrap-metal-drive promotion poster ............................................................. 2.33 Figure 2.15. Pete Aguereberry at his Eureka Mine camp ....................................................................... 2.36 Figure 2.16. Wyatt and Josephine Earp at their mining camp near Vidal, California ............................ 2.37 Figure 2.17. Grave of Charles “Seldom Seen Slim” Ferge, Ballarat, 1999 ............................................ 2.38 Figure 2.18. “Old Borate,” Borax Smith’s mine at Harmony, Death Valley, ca. 1890 .......................... 2.41 Figure 2.19. 1902 map of Inyo County, showing mines known by the California State Mining Bureau .............................................................................................................................................. 2.43 Figure 2.20. 1956 aerial photograph of Randsburg Mining District ....................................................... 2.46 Figure 2.21. 1904 map of Kern County, showing mines known by the California State Mining Bureau .............................................................................................................................................. 2.47 Figure 2.22. 1902 map of San Bernardino County, showing mines known by the California State Mining Bureau .................................................................................................................................. 2.49 Figure 2.23. 1900 map of Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura Counties, showing oil and mining districts ............................................................................................................................................. 2.52 vii Figure 2.24. 1886 map of San Diego County, which includes present-day Imperial and Riverside Counties, showing mines and minerals known by the California State Mineralogist ...................... 2.54 Figure 2.25. Portion of an 1876 U.S. General Land Office plat map, showing the Banner Camp, Whitney’s Quartz Mill, and the Ready Relief Quartz Mine within the Julian-Banner Mining District .............................................................................................................................................. 2.55 Figure 3.1. Mining-claim marker consisting of a rock cairn, Lucky Day No. 1 Mine, Joshua Tree National Park, 1997 ............................................................................................................................ 3.4 Figure 3.2. Mining-claim marker consisting of a post set in a rock cairn, Hart Mining District, 1997 .... 3.4 Figure 3.3. Aluminum tags from a mining-claim marker ......................................................................... 3.4 Figure 3.4. Map showing the locations of claims in the Calico Mining District and the layout of claims defined by the strike of ore bodies ........................................................................................... 3.6 Figure 3.5. Typical hard-rock-mining prospect, Randsburg Mining District, 1993 ................................. 3.7 Figure 3.6. Drill scar, C&K Mine, Providence Mountains, San Bernardino County, 1989 ...................... 3.7 Figure 3.7. Unreinforced shaft collar, Calico Mining District, San Bernardino County .......................... 3.8 Figure 3.8. Reinforced shaft collar, Red Rock Canyon State Park, 1991 ................................................. 3.9 Figure 3.9. Headframe, Kelly Mine, Atolia Mining District .................................................................... 3.9 Figure 3.10. Winch, Old Woman Mountains .......................................................................................... 3.10 Figure 3.11. Unreinforced adit portal, C&K Mine, Providence Mountains State Recreation Area, San Bernardino County, 1989 .......................................................................................................... 3.11 Figure 3.12. Reinforced adit portal, Skidoo, Death Valley National Monument, 1999 .......................... 3.11 Figure 3.13. Horizontally oriented surface workings, Randsburg Mining District, 1993 ....................... 3.12 Figure 3.14. Vertically oriented surface workings, Beveridge Mining District, 1991 ............................ 3.13 Figure 3.15. Glory hole at a magnesite mine in Riverside County in 1920 ............................................ 3.13 Figure 3.16. Drilled boulder, showing evidence of drill practice or contest, Rand Mining District, 1993 .................................................................................................................................................. 3.14 Figure 3.17. Waste-rock dump, Chloride Cliff, Death Valley National Park, 1998 ............................... 3.15 Figure 3.18. Discarded handheld drill steel, Victor Valley, San Bernardino County, 1995 ................... 3.16 Figure 3.19. Ore spoon, Beveridge Mining District, Inyo County, 1991 ................................................ 3.16 Figure 3.20. Wooden tamping stick, Wildrose Canyon, Death Valley National Park, 1997 .................. 3.17 Figure 3.21. Historical photograph inside an assay shop located at a tin mine in Santa Ana, Orange County .............................................................................................................................................. 3.19 Figure 3.22. Arrastra mill, Beveridge Mining District, 1991 .................................................................. 3.20 Figure 3.23. Arrastra drag stone, Beveridge Mining District, Inyo County, 1991 ................................. 3.20 Figure 3.24. Cleveland Gold Mine and Mill Site, Inyo County .............................................................. 3.22 Figure 3.25. Poured-concrete machinery mounts, Rand Mining District, 1993 ..................................... 3.22 Figure 3.26. Machinery mount, Randsburg Mining District, 1993 ......................................................... 3.23 Figure 3.27. Jaw crusher in operation, Western Museum of Mining & Industry, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1996 ................................................................................................................................. 3.23 viii

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