Mining and Rock Construction Technology Desk Reference: Rock Mechanics, Drilling & Blasting

460 Pages·2010·4.121 MB·English

by  Rustan, Agne

Mining and Rock
Construction Technology
Desk Reference
77000077TTSS--RRUUSSTTAANN00--BBooookk..iinnddbb ii 1100//2200//22001100 1100::0099::2200 AAMM
Mining and Rock
Construction Technology
Desk Reference
Rock mechanics, drilling and blasting
Including acronyms, symbols, units and related terms
from other disciplines
Compiled by a group of experts from the Fragblast Section
at the International Society of Explosives Engineers ISEE,
Atlas Copco AB and Sandvik AB
Editor-in-Chief
Agne Rustan,
formerly Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
Associate Editors
Claude Cunningham,
Consulting Mining Engineer, South Africa
Prof. William Fourney,
University of Maryland, USA
Prof. K.R.Y. Simha,
Indian Institute of Science, India
Dr. Alex T. Spathis,
Orica Mining Services, Australia

77000077TTSS--RRUUSSTTAANN00--BBooookk..iinnddbb iiiiii 1100//2200//22001100 1100::0099::2211 AAMM
Cover Illustrations:
Illustration, Front Cover:
Extensive rock reinforcement using rock bolts in combination with wire mesh
in the LKAB mine in Kiruna, Sweden. Shown is a Boltec LC rock bolting rig.
Photograph: Rob Naylor, 2010. © Atlas Copco. Used with kind permission.
Illustration, Back Cover:
It shows the working stages of the Roofex monitor bolt. © Atlas Copco MAI
GmbH. Used with kind permission.
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2011 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
Typeset by Vikatan Publishing Solutions (P) Ltd, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe (a CPI group Company),
Chippenham,Wiltshire
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained
herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Innovations
reported here may not be used without the approval of the authors.
Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication
and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor
the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation
or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.
Published by: CRC Press/Balkema
P.O. Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk – www.balkema.nl
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mining and rock construction technology desk reference : rock mechanics,
drilling and blasting, including acronyms, symbols, units, and related terms from
other disciplines / compiled by a group of experts from the Fragblast Section
at the International Society of Explosives Engineers, ISEE, Atlas Copco AB and
Sandvik AB ; editor-in chief, Agne Rustan ; associate editors, Claude
Cunningham – [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-415-60043-9 (hard cover : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-0-203-83819-8
(e-book)
1. Mining engineering – Encyclopedias. 2. Earthwork – Encyclopedias.
3. Rock mechanics – Encyclopedias. I. Rustan, Agne. II. Cunningham, Claude.
III. International Society of Explosives Engineers. Fragblast Section.
TN9.M66 2010
622–dc22
2010030666
ISBN: 978-0-415-60043-9 (Hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-83819-8 (eBook)
77000077TTSS--RRUUSSTTAANN00--BBooookk..iinnddbb iivv 1100//2200//22001100 1100::0099::2222 AAMM
Contents
Editor details vii
Introduction ix
Terminology list 1
Notes for the user 3
Terms 5
List of symbols 411
Symbols 413
Greek symbols 427
References 431

77000077TTSS--RRUUSSTTAANN00--BBooookk..iinnddbb vv 1100//2200//22001100 1100::0099::2222 AAMM
Editor details
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Agne Rustan
Chairman of the Working Group on Terminology,
Fragblast Section at International Society of Explosives Engineers
Emeritus Associate Professor, Department of Mining
Luleå University of Technology
Lagmansvägen 20
SE-954 32 Gammelstad
Sweden
[email protected]
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Claude Cunningham
Consulting Mining Engineer
Formerly AECI Explosives Limited
Modderfontein House
P.O. Modderfontein
Transvaal 1645
South Africa

William Fourney
Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering
University of Maryland
College Park
MD 20742
USA
77000077TTSS--RRUUSSTTAANN00--BBooookk..iinnddbb vviiii 1100//2200//22001100 1100::0099::2222 AAMM
viii Editor details
K.R.Y. Simha
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore 560 012
India
Alex T. Spathis
Global Mining Applications
Orica Mining
Services Technical Centre
George Booth Drive
PO Box 196
Kurri Kurri, NSW 2327
Australia

77000077TTSS--RRUUSSTTAANN00--BBooookk..iinnddbb vviiiiii 1100//2200//22001100 1100::0099::2222 AAMM
Introduction
This publication extends the scope of the book Rock Blasting Terms and Symbols published
by A.A. Balkema in 1998 and further embraces terminologies from closely related technolo-
gies encountered in Mining and Construction Technology. This makes it today a complete
Encyclopaedia in Mining and Rock Construction Technology. Effort has also been directed
at including common terms not defined in other dictionaries.
Terms from related disciplines commonly used in Mining and Rock Construction litera-
ture include chemistry, detonics, fractography, fracture dynamics, mechanics and strength
of materials, micro mechanics, geology, geophysics, image analysis, petrology, physics seis-
mology etc. Rock types are, however, not included since this would extend the size of the
Encyclopaedia too much.
The Encyclopaedia aims to enable newcomers and workers in these fields to commu-
nicate and learn effectively by standardising the language of these disciplines. As in Rock
Blasting Terms and Symbols, it presents not only short definitions of the terms, but also
quantifies them and defines their relationship to other parameters. All scientists, engineers,
technicians, teachers, practitioners and students working and learning in Mining and Rock
Construction Technology should find it indispensable for communicating, reading, writing
and teaching through scientific papers, technical reports, etc. These categories will also be
better acquainted with symbols, acronyms, abbreviations, shortened forms and units and this
knowledge will assist them in publishing in their fields.
The Encyclopaedia will therefore be important for the ‘Science and Practical work in
Mining and Rock Construction Technology’.
The Chairman, Agne Rustan of the Working Group on Terminology belonging to the
Fragblast Section at Society of Explosives Engineers (ISEE) formed an International Group,
in collaboration with the ISEE Fragblast Section Chairman William Fourney. The group
consisted mainly of the following members from the ISEE Fragblast Section; William Four-
ney USA, Claude Cunningham South Africa and Alex Spathis Australia. To this group joined
later on Prof K.R.Y. Simha India and Prof Lusk USA.
Min Eng Walter Harr, a former specialist at Sandvik AB in Sweden, was engaged to
check the additional drilling terms. Ulf Linder Atlas Copco AB Sweden, kindly supplied the
Terminology Group with an extensive drilling dictionary, from which several terms were
taken. To cover the field of Rock Mechanics, Prof John Hudson UK was engaged to check
most of the new such terms added to the First Edition.
77000077TTSS--RRUUSSTTAANN00--BBooookk..iinnddbb iixx 1100//2200//22001100 1100::0099::2222 AAMM
x Introduction
A useful source vocabulary list was the historic ‘USBM ‘Dictionary of Mining, Mineral
and Related Terms’ which contains about 55 000 terms and includes approximately 150 000
definitions (because one term can have several definitions). In current literature, short and
often incomplete glossaries or dictionaries relevant to Mining and Rock Construction Tech-
nology were found. The most extensive dictionaries in blasting were developed by Atlas
Powder, USA (365 terms) and the Institute of Makers of Explosives, USA (293 terms). 109
Rock Mechanics terms not defined in the above mentioned sources were taken form the
Five volumes “Comprehensive Rock Engineering. Principles, Practice & Projects”, edited
by John Hudson.
The present Encyclopaedia contains 5127 terms and, 637 symbols, 507 references,
236 acronyms, 108 formulas, 68 figures, 47 tables, 58 abbreviations and 7 shortened forms.
The Encyclopaedia of Mining and Rock Construction Technology is arranged for maxi-
mum cross-referencing and ease of use. Its features include:
• The use of the standard symbols that will make it much easier to read and understand
formulas. Each formula must, however, always be followed by an explanation of the
symbols and the units being used when used in papers.
• When a term is shown in the Encyclopaedia, the symbol will be found after the entry of
the term together with its recommended unit and with the most common used prefix for
the unit. When synonym terms are presented the same information is given.
• When synonyms exist, the entry of the recommended synonym is given in bold and
the other not recommended in italics.
• Short histories of explosives and initiation equipment are given under the term History
of explosives and History of initiation. Methods to measure fragmentation are system-
ized and important parameters for fragmentation are highlighted etc.
• Two separate symbol lists are given, one with Arabic symbols and another with Greek
symbols.
• By indexing the symbols many different parameters, like different burden distances, can
be defined more precisely using distinct symbols.
In the course of the compilation of this Encyclopaedia, four terms were identified that lack
international standards for descriptive and or operational definitions.
1 Diggability
2 Friction sensitivity of explosive materials
3 Shape of a particle or fragment
4 Storage of explosives
I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the colleagues mentioned in the preface for
volunteering in this extensive work on the extension of the ‘Terminology Book in Rock blast-
ing’ to an ‘Encyclopaedia of Mining and Rock Construction Technology’. Each member of
77000077TTSS--RRUUSSTTAANN00--BBooookk..iinnddbb xx 1100//2200//22001100 1100::0099::2222 AAMM
Introduction xi
the newly group has applied his special skills and professionalism in the careful examination
of the newly added terms and their definitions.
Agne Rustan
Editor-in-Chief
Note: Mining technology is improving fast and new terms are constantly being developed
and used. Therefore, it will be necessary to upgrade this Encyclopaedia at regular intervals
and your comments are therefore very much appreciated. Please contact the Chairman of
the ISEE Fragblast Section, Working Group on Terminology, Associate Prof. Agne Rustan.
Email: [email protected]. Phone [phone] or, fax [phone].

77000077TTSS--RRUUSSTTAANN00--BBooookk..iinnddbb xxii 1100//2200//22001100 1100::0099::2222 AAMM
Terminology list
77000077TTSS--RRUUSSTTAANN00--BBooookk..iinnddbb 11 1100//2200//22001100 1100::0099::2222 AAMM