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Mineral Composition and Radioactivity of Edible Mushrooms Mineral Composition and Radioactivity of Edible Mushrooms Pavel Kalacˇ Facultyof Agriculture, Department of AppliedChemistry, University of SouthBohemia, CZ-370 05 Cˇeske´ Budeˇjovice, Czech Republic AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2019ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,or medicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein. Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafety ofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterof productsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-817565-1 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:CharlotteCockle AcquisitionEditor:NinaRosadeAraujoBandeira EditorialProjectManager:AnaClaudiaA.Garcia ProductionProjectManager:VijayarajPurushothaman CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Dedication To my wife Marie for 52 years of steady support and understanding. List of figures Figure1.1 Asketchofamushroom. 6 Figure4.1 Selenoaminoacidsoccurringinmushrooms. 157 Figure4.2 Arseniccompoundsidentifiedinmushrooms. 189 xi List of tables Table1.1 Productionstatisticsofcultivatedediblemushroomsincludingtruffles 2 in2016(FAOSAT)ofcountrieswithproductionabove50,000metric tons. Table2.1 Rangesinthecontentofeighttracemetals(mgkg21drymatter)in 11 samplesofwild-growingAgaricusbisporuscollectedfrom55sites acrossPoland. Table2.2 Meancontentandstandarddeviation(mgkg21wetweight)of14 17 traceelementsincannedmushrooms(n=20perspecies)preparedin Spain. Table3.1 Averagerequirements(mgday21)ofmajorelementsforadults 26 ($18years)accordingtoEFSA(2017). Table3.2 Dataonthemeancontent(gkg21drymatter)ofcalciuminfruit 27 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspecies,publishedsince2010. Table3.3 Dataonthemeancontent(gkg21drymatter)ofmagnesiuminfruit 36 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspecies,publishedsince2010. Table3.4 Dataonthemeancontent(gkg21drymatter)ofphosphorusinfruit 44 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspecies,publishedsince2010. Table3.5 Dataonthemeancontent(gkg21drymatter)ofpotassiuminfruit 49 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspecies,publishedsince2010. Table3.6 Dataonthemeancontent(gkg21drymatter)ofsodiuminfruit 57 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspecies,publishedsince2010. Table3.7 Usualcontents(gkg21drymatter)ofmajormineralelementsin 70 mushrooms. Table4.1 Averagerequirements(mgday21)oftraceelementsforadults 76 ($18years)accordingtotheEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority. Table4.2 Dataonthecontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofboroninfruitingbodies 78 ofwildmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X)and anthropogenicallypolluted(▲)sitesandincultivatedspecies publishedsince2010. xiii xiv Listoftables Table4.3 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofcobaltinfruiting 82 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.4 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofcopperinfruiting 91 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.5 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofchromiumin 107 fruitingbodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted (X),geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated (▲)sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.6 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofironinfruiting 116 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.7 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofmanganesein 131 fruitingbodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted (X),geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated (▲)sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.8 Dataonthecontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofmolybdenuminfruiting 142 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X)and anthropogenicallypolluted(▲)sitesandcultivatedspeciespublished since2010. Table4.9 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofnickelinfruiting 144 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.10 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)oftotalseleniumin 155 fruitingbodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted (X)oranthropogenicallycontaminated(▲)sitesandincultivated speciespublishedsince2010. Table4.11 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofzincinfruiting 164 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.12 Usualcontents(mgkg21drymatter)oftheessentialtraceelementsin 181 wild-growingandcultivatedmushrooms. Table4.13 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)oftotalarsenicin 182 fruitingbodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted (X),geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated (▲)sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.14 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofbariuminfruiting 193 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.15 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofcadmiumin 199 fruitingbodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted (X),geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated (▲)sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Listoftables | xv Table4.16 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofleadinfruiting 211 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.17 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)oftotalmercuryin 222 fruitingbodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted (X),geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated (▲)sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.18 Ratioofmercurycontentsincapsandstipes(R ). 230 C/S Table4.19 Bioconcentrationfactor(BCF)formercuryofseveralhighly 232 accumulativewild-growingmushroomspecies. Table4.20 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofsilverinfruiting 234 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.21 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofthalliuminfruiting 240 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.22 Estimationofthedailyintake(mgday21)andthecontribution(%)to 241 theProvisionalTolerableWeeklyIntake(PTWI)ofmaindetrimental elementsfromwild-growingmushrooms. Table4.23 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofaluminumin 242 fruitingbodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted (X),geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated (▲)sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.24 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofcesiuminfruiting 250 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X)or geologicallyspecific(K)sitespublishedsince2010. Table4.25 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)oflithiuminfruiting 254 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.26 Dataonthecontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofplatinumgroupelements 257 (PGEs)inmushroomfruitingbodiespublishedsince2010. Table4.27 Data(meanorrange)onthecontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofrare- 259 earthelements(REEs)inmushroomfruitingbodiespublishedsince 2010. Table4.28 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofrubidiumin 262 fruitingbodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted (X),geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated (▲)sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.29 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofstrontiumin 265 fruitingbodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted (X),geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated (▲)sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.30 Dataonthemeancontentorrange(mgkg21drymatter)oftitanium 271 infruitingbodiesofwild-growingspeciesfromunpollutedsitesandin cultivatedmushroomspublishedsince2010. xvi Listoftables Table4.31 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofuraniuminfruiting 273 bodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted(X), geologicallyspecific(K),andanthropogenicallycontaminated(▲) sitesandincultivatedspeciespublishedsince2010. Table4.32 Dataonthemeancontent(mgkg21drymatter)ofvanadiumin 276 fruitingbodiesofwild-growingmushroomscollectedfromunpolluted (X)orgeologicallyspecific(K)sitesandincultivatedspecies publishedsince2010. Table4.33 Contents(mgkg21drymatter)ofelementswithverylimiteddatain 280 mushroomfruitingbodies. Table5.1 Characteristicsofmainradionuclidesreportedinmushrooms. 300 Table5.2 Dataonmeanactivityconcentrationsofnaturalisotope40K(Bqkg21 303 drymatter)inwild-growingandcultivatedmushroomspublished since2010. Table5.3 Dataonmeanactivityconcentrationsofnaturalisotopes226Raand 306 228Ra(Bqkg21drymatter)inwild-growingandcultivatedmushrooms publishedsince2010. Table5.4 Dataonmeanactivityconcentrationsofnaturalisotopes210Poand 307 210Pb(Bqkg21drymatter)infruitingbodiesofwild-growing mushroomspublishedsince2010. Table5.5 Someediblemushroomspecieswithdifferentratesofradiocesium 310 accumulation. Table5.6 Dataonmeanactivityconcentrationsofradioisotope137Cs(Bqkg21 312 drymatter)inwild-growingandcultivatedmushroomspublished since2010.

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