Mineral and Thermal Groundwater Resources

459 Pages·1997·13.447 MB·English

by  Marius Albu, David Banks, Harriet Nash (auth.)

Mineral and Thermal
Groundwater Resources
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Mineral and Thermal
Groundwater Resourcse
Marius Albu
Professo rof Hydraulics and Mineral Resource Management
University of Bucharest
Romania
David Banks
Head of the Geologica lSurvey
Section for Geochemistry
Trondheim
Norway
and
Harriet Nash
Principal Hydrogeologist
War dell Armstrong
UK
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
First edition 1997
© 1997 M. Albu, D. Banks and H. Nash
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997
Typeset in 10/12 Times by Academic & Technical Typesetting, Bristol
ISBN 978-94-010-6470-5 ISBN 978-94-011-5846-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5846-6
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Contents
List of contributors IX
Acknowledgments Xll
Introduction Xlll
Part One
Mineral and Thermal Groundwater Resources
Marius Albu, David Banks and Harriet Nash
1 History of mineral and thermal waters 3
1.1 Therapeutic waters 4
1.2 Mineral extraction from groundw aters 12
1.3 Bottling of mineral waters 14
1.4 Energy from thermal waters 19
2 Uses of mineral and thermal waters 21
2.1 Mineral waters 21
2.2 Therapeutic spas 23
2.3 Regulations governing mineral and bottled waters 33
2.4 Geothermal energy 39
3 Hydrogeochemistry and origin of mineral waters 48
3.1 Introduction 48
3.2 Chemical evolution of groundwater 49
3.3 Hydrochemical principles 56
3.4 Evolution of groundwater in a stratabound aquifer 70
3.5 Evolution of groundwater in crystalline rocks 76
3.6 Radioactive mineral waters 78
3.7 Categories of mineral waters 87
VI Contents
3.8 Isotope hydrochemistry, water origins and
groundwater dating 92
4 Thermal water systems 101
4.1 Heat production and heat flow 101
4.2 Heat transport 104
4.3 Geothermal systems 105
4.4 Thermal water systems 107
4.5 Origins and chemistry of thermal waters 118
5 Investigation of mineral and thermal water systems 119
5.1 Stages of investigation 119
5.2 The resource base 121
5.3 Exploration 121
5.4 Estimation of the potential yield of mineral waters 134
5.5 Methods for estimating the quantity of heat stored in
thermal water systems 141
6 Modelling of groundwater systems 145
6.1 Conceptual models 145
6.2 Constructing a model 146
6.3 Fundamental equations 149
6.4 Analytical modelling 151
6.5 Numerical modelling 151
6.6 Comparison of modelling methods 159
7 Exploitation and management of mineral and thermal waters 161
7.1 Abstraction of mineral waters 161
7.2 Abstraction of thermal waters 162
7.3 Drilling and borehole construction 163
7.4 Scaling and corrosion 165
7.5 Transport 169
7.6 Heat recoverability 169
7.7 Heat regeneration 174
7.8 Resource management 179
8 Environmental issues and conservation 190
8.1 Anthropogenic impacts 190
8.2 Concerns of mineral water exploitation 192
8.3 Protection of mineral water resources 192
8.4 Impacts of exploitation of thermal waters 194
8.5 Operational characterization of resource conservation 197
Contents VB
Part Two
Case Studies
9 Geothermal energy in Iceland 205
Hjalti Franzson, Jens T6masson, Guorun Sverrisd6ttir and
Freysteinn Sigurosson
9.1 Geological outline 205
9.2 Geothermal activity, hydrogeology and chemistry 207
9.3 History of exploitation of geothermal resources 213
9.4 Case studies 214
Acknowledgments 234
10 The spas of England 235
David Banks
10.1 Introduction 235
10.2 The spas of London and Surrey 237
10.3 The 'wyches' of Mercia and Cheshire 241
10.4 Other Mercian spas 243
10.5 Spas of the Carboniferous limestone of the White Peak 247
10.6 Harrogate spas 266
10.7 Bath 273
11 Geothermal and mineral water resources of Lithuania 281
Vytautas Juodkazis, Povilas Suveizdis and Vita Rasteniene
11.1 Geological context 281
11.2 Mineral waters of Lithuania 281
11.3 Geothermal energy 303
12 Natural mineral waters of Mineralnye Vody region of
north Caucasus, CIS 317
John Ferry
12.1 Introduction 317
12.2 Geography 319
12.3 Geology 320
12.4 Hydrogeology 321
12.5 Narzan bottled water source 325
12.6 Resource management 327
12.7 Narzan water quality 328
13 Geological, hydrochemical, regulatory and economic aspects of
natural packaged water production: Nordland County, Norway 331
Arve Misund and Patrice de Caritat
13.1 Introduction 331
13.2 Methodology 333
Vlll Contents
13.3 Geology and hydrogeology 334
13.4 Spring water, mineral water or packaged water? 347
13.5 Hydrogeochemistry 349
13.6 Logistical considerations 351
13.7 Export possibilities 353
13.8 Discussion and conclusions 355
Acknowledgments 356
14 The mineral and thermal waters of the Krusne Hory rift valley,
Czech Republic 357
Zbynek Hrkal
14.1 Introduction 357
14.2 Karlovy Vary 361
14.3 Marianske Lazne 366
14.4 Frantiskovy Lazne 371
14.5 Hajek-Soos 373
14.6 Jachymov 374
15 The spa of Buzia§, Romania 376
Mircea U. Feru and Adrian Feru
15.1 Position and brief history 376
15.2 Geology and occurrence of groundwater 377
15.3 The mineral water resource 378
15.4 Exploitation of mineral waters 384
15.5 Utilization of mineral waters 386
15.6 Optimization of exploitation 386
15.7 Protection and conservation of sources 387
16 Optimization of exploitation of geothermal reservoirs in the
Pannonian Basin, Romania 389
Horia Mitrofan and Viorel Serbu
16.1 Introduction 389
16.2 Reservoir characteristics 390
16.3 Specific management approaches 392
16.4 Single well analysis 394
16.5 Well field analysis 400
16.6 Final Remarks 403
Acknowledgments 405
References 406
Index 431
Contributors
Marius Albu
University of Bucharest,
Department of Hydrogeology,
6 Traian Vuai,
Bucharest,
Romania
David Banks
Geological Survey of Norway,
PO Box 3006 Lade,
N-7002 Trondheim,
Norway
Patrice de Caritat
Geological Survey of Norway,
PO Box 3006 Lade,
N-7002 Trondheim,
Norway
John Ferry
Geraghty & Miller International,
Conqueror House,
Vision Park,
Cambridge CB4 4ZR,
UK
Adrian Feru
Masina de Paine Str. 39,
Ap.33,
72213 Bucharest,
Romania
Mircea U. Feru
Masina de Paine Str. 39,
Ap.33,
72213 Bucharest,
Romania
x Contributors
Hjalti Franzson
Orkustofnun (Icelandic National Energy Authority),
Grensavegur 9,
108 Reykjavik,
Iceland
Zbynek Hrkal
Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,
Charles University,
Albertov 6,
128 43 Prague 2,
Czech Republic
Vytautas Juodkazis
Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,
Vilnius University,
M-K Ciurlionio Str. 21,
232009 Vilnius,
Lithuania
Arve Misund
Geological Survey of Norway,
PO Box 3006 Lade,
N-7002 Trondheim,
Norway
Horia Mitrofan
RAMINR.A.,
Mendeleev Str 34-36,
Bucharest 1,
Romania
Harriet Nash
Wardell Armstrong,
Lancaster Building,
High Street,
Newcastle-under-Lyme,
Staffordshire ST5 IPQ,
UK
Vita Rasteniene
Institute of Geology,
Sevcenkos 13,
2600 Vilnius,
Lithuania