Table Of ContentInformation Technology and Law Series IT&LAW 24
Minding Minors
Wandering the
Web: Regulating
Online Child Safety
Simone van der Hof
Bibi van den Berg
Bart Schermer Editors
Information Technology and Law Series
Volume 24
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8857
Simone van der Hof Bibi van den Berg
•
Bart Schermer
Editors
Minding Minors Wandering
the Web: Regulating Online
Child Safety
123
Editors
Simonevan derHof
Bibivan denBerg
BartSchermer
Faculty ofLaw, Center forLaw in
theInformationSociety (eLaw)
LeidenUniversity
Leiden
The Netherlands
ISSN 1570-2782
ISBN 978-94-6265-004-6 ISBN 978-94-6265-005-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-6265-005-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014931424
(cid:2)T.M.C.ASSERPRESS,TheHague,TheNetherlands,andtheauthor(s)2014
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Series Information
TheInformationTechnology&Law Series wasan initiativeofITeR, the national
programme for Information Technology and Law, which was a research
programme set up by the Dutch government and The Netherlands Organisation
for Scientific Research (NWO) in The Hague. Since 1995 ITeR has published all
of its research results in its own book series. In 2002 ITeR launched the present
internationally orientated and English language Information Technology & Law
Series. This well-established series deals with the implications of information
technology for legal systems and institutions. Manuscripts and related correspon-
dence can be sent to the Series’ Editorial Office, which will also gladly provide
more information concerning editorial standards and procedures.
Editorial Office
T.M.C. Asser Instituut
P.O. Box 30461
2500 GL The Hague
The Netherlands
Tel.: ?31-70-3420300
e-mail: [email protected]
Simone van der Hof, Editor-in-Chief
Center for Law in the Information Society (eLaw), Leiden University,
The Netherlands
Ben van den Berg
Center for Law in the Information Society (eLaw), Leiden University,
The Netherlands
Eleni Kosta
TILT—Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology and Society, Tilburg University,
The Netherlands
Ben Van Rompuy
T.M.C. Asser Instituut, The Netherlands
iMinds-SMIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Contents
1 Regulating Online Child Safety: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Bibi van den Berg
Part I The Regulatory Horizon
2 Children’s Rights Online: Challenges, Dilemmas
and Emerging Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Sonia Livingstone and Brian O’Neill
3 A Framework for Responding to Online Safety Risks . . . . . . . . . 39
Adam Thierer
4 Colouring Inside the Lines: Using Technology to Regulate
Children’s Behaviour Online. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Bibi van den Berg
Part II Encountering Risk Versus Engaging in Risky Behaviour
5 Safety by Literacy? Rethinking the Role of Digital Skills
in Improving Online Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Nathalie Sonck and Jos de Haan
6 Taking Risks on the World Wide Web: The Impact of Families
and Societies on Adolescents’ Risky Online Behavior. . . . . . . . . . 105
Natascha Notten
vii
viii Contents
Part III Privacy, Data Protection and Online Marketing
7 No Child’s Play: Online Data Protection for Children. . . . . . . . . 127
Simone van der Hof
8 The Right to Privacy for Children on the Internet:
New Developments in the Case Law of the European Court
of Human Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Marga M. Groothuis
9 Online Social Networks and Young People’s Privacy Protection:
The Role of the Right to be Forgotten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Rachele Ciavarella and Cécile De Terwangne
10 Follow the Children! Advergames and the Enactment
of Children’s Consumer Identity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Isolde Sprenkels and Irma van der Ploeg
Part IV Cyberbullying
11 Children and Peer-to-Peer Risks in Social Networks:
Regulating, Empowering or a Little Bit of Both?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Eva Lievens
12 On Technology Against Cyberbullying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Janneke M. van der Zwaan, Virginia Dignum,
Catholijn M. Jonker and Simone van der Hof
13 Violent Video Games and Cyberbullying: Why Education
is Better than Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Sarah Genner
14 Addressing Cyberbullying Using a Multi-Stakeholder Approach:
The Flemish Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Heidi Vandebosch
Contents ix
Part V Online Grooming
15 Regulating Online Sexual Solicitation: Towards Evidence-Based
Policy and Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Leontien M. van der Knaap and Colette M.K.C. Cuijpers
16 Protecting Children from the Risk of Harm? A Critical Review
of the Law’s Response(s) to Online Child Sexual Grooming
in England and Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Jamie-Lee Mooney
Contributors
RacheleCiavarella hasanM.D.inLaw(UniversitàdegliStudidiGenova,Italy).
During her studies,shecompleted anErasmusappointmentperiod of5months at
the University of Louvain where, besides having honed and refined her linguistic
capabilityinFrench,shehasacquiredanexcellentabilitytoadapttomulticultural
environments. Most significantly, this afforded her a great opportunity to pro-
foundlyenhanceherknowledgeofEuropeanlawandtoobservethekeyEuropean
legislative institutions of Commission, Council and Parliament at close quarters.
During the academic year 2010/2011, she has undergone a postgraduate study,
namely a Master in Laws of new technologies and the Law of Internet at the
UniversityofNamur.Thisprogrammehasofferedhertheopportunitytoavailofa
1-month internship at The European Consumers’ Organisation, BEUC. After
3 months of Internship in the Brussels office of the Italian Law Firm De Berti
Jacchia Franchini Forlani, since February 2012 she is a Researcher in the ‘Free-
domsintheInformationSociety’UnitoftheResearchCentreinInformation,Law
and Society (CRIDS—University of Namur).
ColetteM.K.C.Cuijpers isanAssistantProfessoratTILT—theTilburgInstitute
for Law, Technologyand Society at TilburgUniversity.Colette holds a degree in
EuropeanLawandinDutchLaw,andreceivedherPh.D.fromTilburgUniversity
in 2004. Her main field of expertise relates to the way in which technology and
society influence privacy and data protection regulation and vice versa. She has
been involved in several large-scale EU-funded research projects such as FIDIS,
Breaking Barriers to eGovernment and VIRTUOSO. In 2010, she worked for the
DutchScientificCouncilforGovernmentPolicy(WRR),wheresheparticipatedin
a project on the transformation of eGovernment to iGovernment. Lately she was
involvedinseveralprojectscarriedoutbyPIlab,commissionedbytheMinistryof
Economic Affairs, Ministry of Internal Affairs and The Netherlands Competition
Authority.
JosdeHaan isHeadoftheCare,EmancipationandTimeUseresearchsectorat
The Netherlands Institute for Social Research (SCP) and Professor at Erasmus
UniversityRotterdamon ICT,Culture andthe Knowledge Society. Heobtaineda
Ph.D.inSociologyin1994atUtrechtUniversityonthetopicofresearchgroupsin
Dutch sociology. He specialises in research on cultural interests and media use.
xi
xii Contributors
His recent research on new media focuses on the digital divide, the digital gen-
eration and the rise of e-culture. For publications see www.scp.nl.
Cécile De Terwangne has a M.D. in Law (University of Louvain), a Ph.D. in
Law (University of Namur) and a LL.M. in European and International Law
(EuropeanUniversityInstituteofFlorence).SheisaProfessorattheLawFaculty
of the University of Namur (Belgium). She teaches courses in Computer and
Human Rights, and in Data Protection. She is a Director of the postgraduate
Program in IT Law at the University of Namur and a Research Director in the
‘FreedomsintheInformationSociety’UnitoftheResearchCentreinInformation,
LawandSociety(CRIDS—UniversityofNamur).Shehastakenpartinnumerous
Europeanandnationalresearchesinthefieldsofdataprotection,privacyandICT,
freedom of information, eGovernment, etc. She is an expert for the Council of
Europe and for the European Commission.
VirginiaDignum isanAssociateProfessorattheFacultyofTechnology,Policy
andManagement,DelftUniversityofTechnology.ShegotherPh.D.in2004from
the Utrecht University. Previously, she worked for more than 12 years in con-
sultancy and system development in the areas of expert systems and knowledge
management. Her research focuses on agent-based models of organisations, in
particular in the dynamic aspects of organisations and the applicability of agent
organisations to support knowledge creation, sharing and representation in dis-
tributed environments and the interaction between people and intelligent systems
inparticularthebehaviourofhybridteams.Herworkrangesfromtheengineering
ofpracticalapplicationsandsimulationstothedevelopmentofformaltheoriesthat
integrate agency and organisation, and includes a strong design methodology
component. In 2006, she was awarded the prestigious Veni grant from the Dutch
Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for her work on agent-based organ-
isational frameworks, which includes the Opera framework for analysis, design
and simulation of organisational systems. She has organized many international
conferences and workshops, and was co-organiser of AAMAS 2005. She is
involved in national and EU projects and has more than 120 peer-reviewed pub-
lications, including ten edited books.
SarahGenner studiedinZurichandBerlinspecialisinginInternetresearch.She
holds a Master’s degree in Political Science, Linguistics and Media Studies from
Zurich University and is currently a Research Associate in Media Psychology at
Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) in Switzerland. Her professional
experience is in journalism, communications, and teaching. Among other publi-
cations, she is the initiator and lead author of ‘FAQ Media Literacy’—a Swiss
guidebook for parents and teachers to deal with youth and online risks and
opportunitiesbasedonrecentresearch.Afullyrevisededitionoftheguidebookis
funded and distributed by the Swiss government for many schools, parents’ or-
ganisations and professionals in education and therapy in German, French and
Italian. In 2013, she has been awarded a Swiss National Science Foundation
