Mind and Machine

233 Pages·2012·4.183 MB·English

by  Joel Walmsley (auth.)

MindandMachine
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Mind and Machine
Joel Walmsley
University College Cork, Ireland
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Contents
SeriesEditor’sPreface xi
ListofIllustrations xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Introduction 1
1 HistoricalandTheoreticalBackground 5
1.1 Earlymodernroots 6
1.1.1 Descartes:theghostinthemachine 6
1.1.2 HobbesandHume:mentalmechanics 8
1.1.3 PascalandLeibniz:mathematicalmachines 11
1.2 Turingandthe‘DartmouthConference’ 15
1.3 VarietiesofAI 17
1.4 IsAIanempiricalorapriorienterprise? 22
1.5 AIandthemind-bodyproblem 27
2 ClassicalCognitiveScienceand‘GoodOld
FashionedAI’ 30
2.1 Threerootsoftheclassicalapproach 31
2.1.1 Logic 32
2.1.2 Linguistics 35
2.1.3 Functionalismandthe‘Representational
TheoryofMind(RTM)’ 37
2.2 Algorithms,TuringMachinesandTuring’sthesis 41
2.3 GOFAI’ssuccessstories 51
2.3.1 Reasoning:thelogictheorymachine 51
2.3.2 Chess:DeepBlue 55
2.3.3 Conversation:ELIZA 60
2.4 GOFAIandthemind-bodyproblem 63
3 Gödel,theTuringTestandtheChineseRoom 65
3.1 Gödel’sincompletenesstheorem 66
vii
viii Contents
3.2 TheTuringTest 73
3.3 Searle’sChineseRoom 79
4 Connectionism 88
4.1 Physiologicalandpsychologicalrealism 90
4.2 Representationreconsidered 95
4.3 Someconnectionistmodels 101
4.3.1 Patternrecognition:themine/rockdetector 101
4.3.2 Language:past-tenselearning 103
4.3.3 Disorders:networkmodelsofschizophrenia 106
4.4 Connectionismandthemind-bodyproblem 109
5 CriticismsandConsequencesoftheConnectionist
Approach 113
5.1 Connectionism,folkpsychologyandeliminativism 113
5.2 Connectionismandcompositionality 122
6 TheDynamicalApproach 131
6.1 Motivation 131
6.2 Dynamicalsystemstheory 133
6.3 Dynamicalcognitivescience:timeandtiming 136
6.4 Dynamicalcognitivescienceinaction 141
6.4.1 Fingerwagging:the‘HKB’model 142
6.4.2 Beeronbugs 144
6.4.3 Perceptualcategorisation 148
6.5 Takingstock:consequencesandcriticismsofthe
dynamicalapproach 150
6.5.1 Explanation 150
6.5.2 Situation 153
6.5.3 Representationrevis(it)ed 157
6.5.4 Incrementalism 163
6.6 Thedynamicalapproachandthemind-body
problem 167
7 TheFuture:MindandMachineMerged 172
7.1 Theextendedmindhypothesis 174
7.2 Cognitivetechnologyandhuman-machinehybrids 182
7.3 ‘Thesingularity’ 188
Contents ix
Conclusion 194
Notes 197
SuggestionsforFurtherReading 200
WorksCited 203
Index 215