MIMO Antennas for Wireless Communication: Theory and Design

222 Pages·2020·50.321 MB·English

by  Leeladhar Malviya, M. V. Kartikeyan, and Rajib Kumar Panigrahi

MIMO Antennas
for Wireless
Communication

MIMO Antennas
for Wireless
Communication
Teory and Design
Leeladhar Malviya
Rajib Kumar Panigrahi
M.V. Kartikeyan
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
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Contents
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
Symbols xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Fundamentals of MIMO Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Motivation and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Organization of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Theory of MIMO 7
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Wireless Channel Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1 Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1.1 Large Scale Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1.2 Small Scale Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.2 Effect of Interference on Channel Capacity . . . . . . 9
2.2.2.1 Co-Channel Interference and Capacity . . . 10
2.2.2.2 Adjacent Channel Interference and Capacity 10
2.2.2.3 Power and Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Approaches to Improve Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.1 Cell Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.2 Sector Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.3 Repeaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.4 Microcell Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 Applications of MIMO 13
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Functions of MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 Types of MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4 Applications of MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
vii
viii Contents
4 MIMO Antenna Performance Criteria 19
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2 Performance Criteria of MIMO Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.1 Reflection Coefficient and VSWR . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.2 Transmitted and Reflected Powers . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.3 Transmission Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.4 Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.5 Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) . . . . . . 22
4.2.6 Channel Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.7 Mean Effective Gain (MEG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.8 Spectral Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.9 MIMO Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5 5G Massive MIMO Technology 27
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2 Massive MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.3 Channel Estimation in Massive MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.4 Spatial Diversity/Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.5 Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.5.1 Types of Beamforming Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.6 Advantages of Massive MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.7 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6 Mutual Coupling Reduction Techniques in
MIMO Designs: An in-depth Survey 35
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.2 Diversity Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.2.1 Space Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.2.2 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.2.3 Pattern Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.3 Mutual Coupling Reduction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.3.1 Parasitic Element/Structure Approach . . . . . . . . . 37
6.3.2 Neutralization Line Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.3.3 Slit and Slot Etching Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.3.4 Coupling/Decoupling Structure Approach . . . . . . . 39
6.3.5 Metamaterials Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.3.6 Shorting Pins/Posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.3.7 Feeding Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.3.8 Ground Branches/Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.4 MIMO Antenna Miniaturization Techniques . . . . . . . . . 43
6.5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Contents ix
7 Design and Analysis of Multi-Band Printed MIMO Antenna
with Diversity and PSG 47
7.1 Introduction and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.2 Multi-Band MIMO Antenna Design and Implementation . . 48
7.3 Simulation-Measurement Results and Discussion . . . . . . . 51
7.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
8 Design and Analysis of Wide-Band MIMO Antenna with Di-
versity and PEG 71
8.1 Introduction and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8.2 Wide-Band MIMO Antenna Design and Implementation . . 72
8.3 Simulation-Measurement Results and Discussion . . . . . . . 75
8.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
9 Design and Analysis of CP-MIMO Antenna for WLAN Ap-
plication 91
9.1 Introduction and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
9.2 CP-MIMO Antenna Design and Implementation . . . . . . . 92
9.3 Simulation-Measurement Results and Discussion . . . . . . . 95
9.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
10 MIMO Antenna Designs with Diversity Techniques
for LTE Applications 111
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
10.2 Design and Analysis of C-Shaped Folded Loop MIMO Radiator 111
10.2.1 Introduction and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
10.2.2 Folded Loop MIMO Antenna Design and Implementa-
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
10.2.3 Simulation-Measurement Results and Discussion . . . 115
10.3 Design and Analysis of Mathematically Inspired Dual Curved
MIMO Radiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
10.3.1 Introduction and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
10.3.2 MIMO Antenna Design and Implementation . . . . . 126
10.3.3 Simulation-Measurement Results and Discussion . . . 129
10.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
11 MIMO Antenna Designs for WLAN/WiMAX
Applications with 1 × 2 Power Divider Arms 141
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
11.2 Design and Analysis of Pentagonal Shaped Offset Planar
MIMO for Omni-Directional Radiation Patterns . . . . . . . 142
11.2.1 Introduction and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
11.2.2 MIMO Antenna Design and Implementation . . . . . 142
11.2.3 Simulation-Measurement Results and Discussion . . . 143