MILLIMETER-WAVE NETWORKS : beamforming design and performance analysis

169 Pages·2021·4.555 MB·English

by  Peng Yang, Wen Wu, Ning Zhang, Xuemin Shen

Wireless Networks
Peng Yang
Wen Wu
Ning Zhang
Xuemin Shen
Millimeter-Wave
Networks
Beamforming Design and Performance
Analysis
Wireless Networks
SeriesEditor
XueminShen
UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,ON,Canada
The purpose of Springer’s Wireless Networks book series is to establish the state
of the art and set the course for future research and development in wireless
communication networks. The scope of this series includes not only all aspects
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Peng Yang (cid:129) Wen Wu (cid:129) Ning Zhang (cid:129) Xuemin Shen
Millimeter-Wave Networks
Beamforming Design and Performance
Analysis
PengYang WenWu
HuazhongUniversityofScienceand DepartmentofElectricalandComputer
Technology Engineering
SchoolofElectronicInformationand UniversityofWaterloo
Communications Waterloo,ON,Canada
Wuhan,Hubei,China
NingZhang XueminShen
DepartmentofElectricalandComputer DepartmentofElectricalandComputer
Engineering Engineering
UniversityofWindsor UniversityofWaterloo
Windsor,ON,Canada Waterloo,ON,Canada
ISSN2366-1186 ISSN2366-1445 (electronic)
WirelessNetworks
ISBN978-3-030-88629-5 ISBN978-3-030-88630-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88630-1
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Preface
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication at 30GHz–300GHz frequency bands
hasemergedasoneofthemostpromisingtechnologiesinfuturewirelessnetworks,
whichcanofferhighdatarateconnectionsbyexploitingalargeswathofspectrum.
The mmWave communication can support many data-intensive wireless applica-
tions,rangingfromhigh-definitionmobilevideostreaming,cordlessvirtualreality
gaming,towirelessfiber-to-homeaccess.Inparticular,thecurrentIEEE802.11ad
standardcanprovideadatarateupto6.75Gbps,anditssuccessorIEEE802.11ay
can even support up to 40Gbps. In mmWave communications, beamforming
focusing the radio frequency power in a narrow direction is the key technology
to overcome the hostile path loss.However, the distincthigh directionality feature
ofbeamformingtechnologyposesmanychallengesindifferentnetworklayers:(1)
beam alignment (BA) latency in the physical layer, which is the processing delay
thatboththetransmitterandreceivertaketoaligntheirbeamstoestablishareliable
connection.ExistingBAmethodsincursignificantlatencyontheorderofseconds
for a large number of beams; (2) medium access control (MAC) performance
degradation. To coordinate the beamforming training (BFT) for multiple users,
802.11ad standard specifies an MAC protocol, i.e., BFT-MAC protocol, in which
all the users contend for BFT resources in a distributed manner. Due to the
“deafness”problemcausedbydirectionaltransmission,i.e.,ausermaynotsensethe
transmission of other users, severe collisions occur in high user density scenarios,
whichsignificantlydegradestheMACperformance;and(3)backhaulcongestionin
thenetworklayer.Allthebasestations(BSs)inmmWavenetworksareconnectedto
thebackbonenetworkviabackhaullinkstoaccessremotecontentservers.Although
beamformingcanincreasethedatarateofthefronthaullinksbetweenusersandBSs,
thecongestedbackhaullinkbecomesanewbottleneckformmWavenetworks.
In this monograph, we design novel beamforming technologies for low-latency
and cost-effective mmWave networks and analyze their performance. Specifically,
we focus on addressing the above challenges, respectively, by (1) presenting an
efficient BA algorithm, (2) evaluating and enhancing the 802.11ad MAC perfor-
mance,and(3)designinganeffectivebackhaulalleviationscheme.InChap.1,we
introducemmWavecommunications,includingitsdefinition,potentialapplications,
v
vi Preface
recent development, and technical challenges, etc. In Chap. 2, we review the
characteristics of mmWave communications, state-of-the-art beamforming tech-
nologies, and beamforming training protocol in 802.11ad. In Chap. 3, to reduce
BA latency, we present a learning-based efficient BA algorithm, namely HBA.
The presented algorithm leverages the correlation structure among beams and the
priorknowledgeonthechannelfluctuationtosignificantlyreduceBAlatencyfrom
hundreds of milliseconds to a few milliseconds. In Chap. 4, to enhance the MAC
performance,wepresentananalyticalmodelfortheBFT-MACprotocolin802.11ad
andthenintroduceanenhancementschemetooptimizeitsperformance.Inaddition,
to support multiuser transmission, we design a novel 802.11ad-compliant mul-
tiuserbeamformingtrainingprotocoltoreducebeamformingtrainingoverhead.In
Chap.5,toalleviatethebackhaulcongestion,wepresentadevice-to-deviceassisted
cooperative edgecachingschemethatjointlyutilizescacheresourcesofusersand
BSs.Wetheoreticallyanalyzetheperformanceoftheintroducedscheme,takingthe
networkdensity,practicaldirectionalantennamodel,andstochasticinformationof
networktopologyintoconsideration.Thepresentedschemecaneffectivelyreduce
backhaul traffic and content retrieval delay. At last, we conclude this monograph
anddiscusssomeimportantfutureresearchdirectionsinChap.6.
Wehopethatthismonographcanprovideinsightfullightsonunderstandingthe
fundamentalperformanceofmmWavenetworksfromtheperspectivesofdifferent
networklayers,includingBA,MAC,andbackhaul.Thesystematicprincipleinthis
monographalsooffersvaluableguidanceontheestablishmentandoptimizationof
future mmWave networks. We would like to thank Prof. Nan Cheng at the Xidian
University, Prof. Khalid Aldubaikhy at the Qassim University, Prof. Yujie Tang at
the Algoma University, and Prof. Weihua Zhuang at the University of Waterloo
for their contributions in this monograph. We also would like to thank all the
members of BBCR group for the valuable discussions and their insightful sugges-
tions, ideas, and comments. Special thanks are also due to the staffs at Springer
Science+Business Media, Susan Lagerstrom-Fife, and Arun Siva Shanmugam for
theirhelpthroughoutthepublicationpreparationprocess.
Wuhan,Hubei,China PengYang
Waterloo,ON,Canada WenWu
Windsor,ON,Canada NingZhang
Waterloo,ON,Canada XueminShen
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................. 1
1.1 mmWaveCommunication.............................................. 1
1.1.1 MotivationofmmWaveCommunication...................... 1
1.1.2 ConceptandApplications...................................... 2
1.1.3 DevelopmentofmmWaveCommunication ................... 3
1.2 IndustryProgress,Projects,andStandardization...................... 4
1.2.1 IndustryProgress ............................................... 4
1.2.2 ResearchProjects............................................... 5
1.2.3 Standardization ................................................. 5
1.3 ResearchChallengesinmmWaveNetworks........................... 7
1.3.1 PhysicalLayer .................................................. 8
1.3.2 MACLayer ..................................................... 8
1.3.3 NetworkLayer.................................................. 9
1.4 AimoftheMonograph.................................................. 10
References..................................................................... 12
2 LiteratureReviewofmmWaveNetworks................................. 15
2.1 CharacteristicsofmmWaveCommunication.......................... 15
2.1.1 LargeBandwidth................................................ 15
2.1.2 HugePathLoss ................................................. 16
2.1.3 SparseChannel.................................................. 19
2.1.4 DirectionalAntennas ........................................... 20
2.1.5 BlockageEffect................................................. 20
2.2 BeamformingTechnology.............................................. 21
2.2.1 DigitalBeamforming........................................... 22
2.2.2 AnalogBeamforming........................................... 22
2.2.3 HybridBeamforming........................................... 23
2.3 BeamformingTrainingProtocolinIEEE802.11ad................... 24
2.3.1 Overviewof802.11adBeamformingTrainingProtocol...... 25
2.3.2 SectorLevelSweep............................................. 26
2.3.3 BeamRefinementProtocol..................................... 28
vii
viii Contents
2.3.4 BeamSearchingComplexity................................... 30
2.4 Multi-armedBanditTheory ............................................ 31
2.5 Summary ................................................................ 33
References..................................................................... 34
3 MachineLearning-BasedBeamAlignmentinmmWaveNetworks.... 37
3.1 Introduction ............................................................. 37
3.2 RelatedWorksonBeamAlignment.................................... 39
3.3 SystemModelandProblemFormulation.............................. 41
3.3.1 BeamAlignmentModel........................................ 41
3.3.2 ProblemStatement.............................................. 42
3.4 FastBeamAlignmentScheme ......................................... 44
3.4.1 CorrelationStructureAmongBeams.......................... 44
3.4.2 PriorKnowledgeofmmWaveNetworks ...................... 46
3.4.3 Learning-BasedBeamAlignmentAlgorithm ................. 47
3.5 TheoreticalAnalysis.................................................... 51
3.5.1 AlgorithmComplexityAnalysis............................... 51
3.5.2 CumulativeRegretPerformanceAnalysis..................... 52
3.6 PerformanceEvaluation ................................................ 60
3.6.1 SimulationSetup................................................ 60
3.6.2 CumulativeRegret.............................................. 62
3.6.3 MeasurementComplexityandBeamDetectionAccuracy ... 64
3.6.4 BeamAlignmentLatency ...................................... 69
3.7 Summary ................................................................ 70
References..................................................................... 70
4 BeamformingTrainingProtocolDesignandAnalysis................... 73
4.1 Introduction ............................................................. 73
4.2 ExistingWorksonBeamformingTraining ............................ 76
4.2.1 BeamformingTrainingSchemes............................... 76
4.2.2 MACPerformanceAnalysis ................................... 77
4.3 BeamformingTrainingProtocolin802.11ad.......................... 78
4.3.1 BeamformingTrainingProcedure ............................. 78
4.3.2 BFT-MACProtocol............................................. 80
4.4 PerformanceAnalysisandEnhancementforBFT-MAC.............. 82
4.4.1 AnalyticalModelforBFT-MAC............................... 82
4.4.2 PerformanceAnalysis .......................................... 85
4.5 PerformanceEvaluationfor802.11adBFT-MAC..................... 95
4.5.1 SimulationSetup................................................ 95
4.5.2 ValidationofAnalyticalModel ................................ 96
4.5.3 EnhancementSchemeEvaluation.............................. 99
4.6 MultiuserBeamformingTrainingProtocolDesignandAnalysis .... 103
4.6.1 ExistingWorksonMultiuserTransmission ................... 104
4.6.2 MultiuserTransmissionScheme............................... 104
4.6.3 MultiuserBeamformingTrainingProtocol.................... 108
4.6.4 ProtocolOverheadAnalysis.................................... 110
Contents ix
4.7 ProtocolPerformanceEvaluation ...................................... 112
4.7.1 SimulationSetup................................................ 113
4.7.2 SimulationResults.............................................. 114
4.8 Summary ................................................................ 117
References..................................................................... 117
5 Beamforming-AidedCooperativeEdgeCachinginmmWave
DenseNetworks .............................................................. 121
5.1 Introduction ............................................................. 121
5.2 RelatedWorksonEdgeCaching....................................... 122
5.3 SystemModel........................................................... 124
5.3.1 NetworkModel ................................................. 125
5.3.2 ContentPopularityModel...................................... 126
5.3.3 DirectionalAntennaModel .................................... 126
5.3.4 mmWaveChannelModel....................................... 127
5.3.5 TransmissionModel............................................ 127
5.4 D2D-AssistedCooperativeEdgeCaching(DCEC)Policy ........... 128
5.4.1 SchemeDesign.................................................. 129
5.4.2 BackhaulOffloadingAnalysis ................................. 130
5.5 ContentRetrievalDelayAnalysis...................................... 131
5.5.1 BackhaulTransmissionRateAnalysis......................... 131
5.5.2 NearestSBSTransmissionRateAnalysis..................... 132
5.5.3 SBSClusterTransmissionRateAnalysis...................... 137
5.5.4 D2DTransmissionRateAnalysis.............................. 140
5.6 PerformanceEvaluation ................................................ 143
5.6.1 SimulationSetup................................................ 143
5.6.2 BackhaulOffloadingPerformance............................. 144
5.6.3 TransmissionPerformance..................................... 146
5.6.4 ContentRetrievalDelay........................................ 148
5.7 Summary ................................................................ 153
References..................................................................... 153
6 SummaryandFutureDirections........................................... 157
6.1 Summary ................................................................ 157
6.1.1 BeamAlignmentSchemeDesign.............................. 157
6.1.2 MACPerformanceEvaluationandEnhancement............. 158
6.1.3 BackhaulAlleviationSchemeDesign ......................... 158
6.2 FutureDirections........................................................ 159
6.2.1 BeamAlignmentUnderHighMobility........................ 159
6.2.2 EfficientQoS-AwareMACProtocol........................... 159
6.2.3 Blockage-AwaremmWaveNetwork........................... 160