Millimeter-Wave Antennas: Configurations and Applications

165 Pages·2016·5.73 MB·English

by  Jaco du Preez

Signals and Communication Technology
Jaco du Preez
Saurabh Sinha
Millimeter-
Wave Antennas:
Configurations
and Applications
Signals and Communication Technology
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4748
Jaco du Preez Saurabh Sinha
(cid:129)
Millimeter-Wave Antennas:
fi
Con gurations
and Applications
123
JacoduPreez Saurabh Sinha
University of Johannesburg University of Johannesburg
Johannesburg Johannesburg
SouthAfrica SouthAfrica
ISSN 1860-4862 ISSN 1860-4870 (electronic)
Signals andCommunication Technology
ISBN978-3-319-35067-7 ISBN978-3-319-35068-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-35068-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016942505
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Preface
Since the inception of wireless systems, engineers have continuously strived to
develop systems that utilize higher frequencies, in pursuit of numerous advantages
that it may offer to particular applications. As a result, the components that con-
stitute a typical wireless system—that is, the antenna and the analog and digital
frontends—havebeenfiercelystudiedandremarkabledevelopmentshavesurfaced
in the last century. While millimeter-wave systems are relatively new (only expe-
riencing any real development since the 70s), they are arguably one of the fastest
growing fields in wireless research. Rapidly developing standards and component
technology have two major driving forces behind the tremendous growth that we
have come to witness in the past decade.
For researchers and designers entering this field, the vast extent of information,
research results and systems that exist can be gruesomely overwhelming, which is
wherethistextisintendedtoassist.Thistextisheavilyfocusedoncurrentresearch,
and it is designed to cover as many different antenna configurations and applica-
tions as possible. It should therefore enable a designer (or researcher, for that
matter) to make an informed decision on one of the most critical components of a
wirelesssystem.Asthetextprogresses,thereaderwillnoticethatspecialattention
is paid to measurement techniques and practical results. While fundamental con-
cepts form the baseline of each system that we intend to discuss, there are a
multitudeofotherbooksthatintenselycoverrelevanttheory.Nonetheless,whereit
is deemed applicable, this text does attempt to cover fundamental theory, but it is
assumed that the reader has sound understanding of wireless systems and antenna
concepts.
Discussions in the introductory chapter are intended to provide an idea of
development trends witnessed in millimeter-wave systems, and stretches from the
earlieststageofthefieldupuntilmoderntimes,leavingthereaderreadytoexpand
into the next six chapters. A second key part of the introductory chapter is a
discussion on spectrum management and allocation, which is the first and perhaps
the most crucial component necessary to develop any wireless system. Following
this, there is no prescribed order in which the next five chapters should be
v
vi Preface
approached,althoughthereareminorreferencesbetweensaidchapters,itiswritten
so that the reader never feels disconnected from the core concept of the text.
Chapters2–5focusontypicalantennatypesthatarescalabletomillimeter-wave
dimensions. We begin with leaky-wave and surface-wave antennas in Chap. 2, a
fundamental branch of millimeter-wave antennas, and one whose principles res-
onate through the remainder of the book. We cover some basic design principles
and concepts unique to leaky-wave antennas, which can be synthesized from a
number of different structures, such as rectangular waveguides and microstrip
arrays. Various types of printed antennas are discussed in Chap. 3, where we once
again spend a short amount of time to cover some fundamental theory, before
delvingintorecentlypublicationsonthemillimeter-wavescalingoftheseantennas.
Printed antennas are highly desirable in applications with severe space constraints,
and these antennas are typically capable of mechanical self-support. To cope with
the extreme mechanical tolerances at such high frequencies, several configurations
have been developed that, in some ways, mitigate the implications of these toler-
ances, along with changes in approach to fabrication.
In Chap. 4, one of the most actively developed fields at the moment, integrated
antennas, is discussed. The requirements of developing radio standards in the 60,
77, and 94 GHz bands—compact size, low power, and the ability to mass
produce—are truly well catered for by integrated solutions where the antenna is
fabricated on the same substrate as supporting circuitry. As a result, a strong
emphasis is placed on 60 GHz radio standards and the accompanying develop-
ments. Chapter 5 is the final one where the antenna is the focal point, discussing
millimeter-wave reflector and lens systems. Highlights of this chapter include the
shift away from traditional reflector configurations (such as the popular parabolic
dish)towardmorecompactstructuressuchasreflectarraysandlenses.Furthermore,
we discuss beam formingsystems implemented with lens antennasand theirmany
potential advantages in the domain of short-range wireless links.
Thelasttwochaptersareintendedtotackletheantennaquestionfromasystems
perspective, overviewing supporting circuitry and providing a detailed look into
millimeter-wave applications. In conclusion, based on numerous discussions on
manufacturing, design principles, and practical results from leading research
groups, this text should aid designers and researchers to better understand their
application and its required antenna system.
The authors would like to recognize the research capacity grant of the Dept.:
Higher Education and Training, South Africa for sponsoring this work.
Furthermore,theauthorswouldliketorecognizeDr.RiëttedeLange,Postgraduate
School, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, for her effective administration
of this grant.
Johannesburg, South Africa Jaco du Preez
Saurabh Sinha
Contents
1 Introduction to the World of Millimeter-Wave Systems. . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 A Brief History of Millimeter-Wave Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 The Millimeter-Wave Spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Wave Propagation at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Outline of This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 Leaky-Wave Antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1 General Principles of Leaky Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Extension into Millimeter-Wavelengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Leaky-Wave Antenna Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.1 One-Dimensional Uniform Leaky-Wave Antennas. . . . . . . 22
2.3.2 One-Dimensional Periodic Leaky-Wave Antenna. . . . . . . . 25
2.3.3 Two-Dimensional Leaky-Wave Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4 Closing Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3 Printed and Planar Antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 Classification of Printed and Planar Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2 Microstrip Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.1 Theory of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.2 Feeding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.3 Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.4 Considerations for Millimeter-Wave Operation . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3 Research Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.1 U-Slot Microstrip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.2 Vertical Patch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.3.3 Magneto-Electric Dipole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.4 Planar Yagi-Uda Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
vii
viii Contents
3.3.5 Conventional Printed Circuit Antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3.6 Micromachined Patch Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 Closing Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4 Active Integrated Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2 Integrated Waveguides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2.1 Substrate-Integrated Waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2.2 Substrate-Integrated Non-radiative Dielectric Guide. . . . . . 65
4.2.3 Substrate-Integrated Image Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3 Classification of Integrated Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.4 Integrated Transmitter Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.5 Integrated Receiver Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.5.1 Monopulse Antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.6 Integrated Phased Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.6.1 Phased Array Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.6.2 Applications of Phased Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.7 Integrated MIMO Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.8 Integrated Multiple Beam Antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.9 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5 Reflector and Lens Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.1 Single Feed Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.1.1 Feeding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.1.2 Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.1.3 Focal Array Fed Reflectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.2 Reflectarrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.2.1 Dual Reflector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.2.2 Reconfigurable Reflectarrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.3 Folded Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.4 Retrodirective Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3 Lens Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.3.1 Reduced Size Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3.2 Rotman Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.3.3 Lüneburg Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6 Millimeter-Wave Circuits and Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.1 High-Speed Data Converters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.1.1 ADCs for Millimeter-Wave Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.2 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2.1 VCO Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Contents ix
6.3 Mixers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.3.1 Mixer Architectures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.4 Power Amplifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.4.1 Amplifier Figures of Merit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.4.2 Power Amplifier Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.4.3 Power Combining Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.5 Closing Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7 Practical Applications of Millimeter-Wave Antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.1 Communication Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.1.1 Broadband Mobile Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.2 Radar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.2.1 Civil Applications of Millimeter-Wave Radar. . . . . . . . . . 145
7.2.2 Automotive Radar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7.3 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
7.3.1 Millimeter-Wave Radiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
7.3.2 Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7.4 Closing Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152