Military Nonstandard Fixed Bridging

559 Pages·2002·6.3 MB·English

by  Department of the Army

FM3-34.343
(FM5-446)
Military Nonstandard
Fixed Bridging
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public relase; distribution is unlimited.
*FM 3-34.343 (FM 5-446)
FieldManual Headquarters
No.3-34.343 DepartmentoftheArmy
Washington,DC,12 February 2002
Military Nonstandard Fixed Bridging
Contents
Page
PREFACE.................................................................................................................vii
PART ONE BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter1 BACKGROUNDINFORMATION........................................................................... 1-1
GeneralConcepts................................................................................................... 1-2
BridgeDesign......................................................................................................... 1-4
ArmyFacilitiesComponentsSystem...................................................................... 1-4
ClassificationInformation........................................................................................ 1-5
EngineerResponsibilities........................................................................................ 1-6
SupportingInformation............................................................................................ 1-6
Chapter2 RECONNAISSANCEANDPRELIMINARYINVESTIGATIONS............................ 2-1
HastyReconnaissance........................................................................................... 2-1
DeliberateReconnaissance.................................................................................... 2-1
RepairorReconstruction........................................................................................ 2-1
New-BridgeConstruction........................................................................................ 2-2
SiteRequirements.................................................................................................. 2-3
SurveyControl........................................................................................................ 2-6
SurveyDrawings..................................................................................................... 2-6
PART TWO CLASSIFICATION, REINFORCEMENT AND REPAIR, AND POSTING
Chapter3 CLASSIFICATION.................................................................................................. 3-1
SectionI-Bridge-ClassificationConsiderations............................................... 3-2
SectionII-ExpedientClassification................................................................... 3-2
DISTRIBUTIONRESTRICTION:Approvedforpublicrelease;distributionisunlimited.
*This publication supersedes FM 5-446, 3 June 1991..
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HastyMethod......................................................................................................... 3-2
TrackCommander’sBridge-CrossingBooklet....................................................... 3-3
SectionIII-Correlation-CurveClassification.................................................... 3-3
Correlation-CurveApplications............................................................................... 3-8
BridgeCondition..................................................................................................... 3-8
SpanLength........................................................................................................... 3-8
Correlation-CurveUses...........................................................................................3-9
SectionIV-AnalyticalBridgeClassification................................................... 3-10
ClassificationAssumptions................................................................................... 3-10
MomentClassificationforSimpleSpans.............................................................. 3-15
MomentClassificationforContinuousSpans....................................................... 3-16
Roadway-WidthClassificationandClearanceRestrictions.................................. 3-18
Solid-SawnandGlue-LaminatedTimber-StringerBridges.................................. 3-18
Steel-StringerBridges.......................................................................................... 3-22
Composite-StringerBridges................................................................................. 3-26
Steel-GirderBridges............................................................................................. 3-29
TrussBridges....................................................................................................... 3-46
ReinforcedConcreteSlabBridges....................................................................... 3-55
ReinforcedConcreteT-BeamBridges................................................................. 3-59
ReinforcedConcreteBox-GirderBridges............................................................. 3-64
PrestressedConcreteBridges............................................................................. 3-65
ArchBridges......................................................................................................... 3-74
MovableBridges................................................................................................... 3-81
SuspensionBridges............................................................................................. 3-82
OtherBridges....................................................................................................... 3-83
Chapter4 REINFORCEMENTANDREPAIR......................................................................... 4-1
BasicConsiderations.............................................................................................. 4-1
HastyorEmergencyRepairs................................................................................. 4-4
StringerSupports................................................................................................... 4-7
StringerReinforcement.......................................................................................... 4-9
SteelFloor-BeamReinforcement......................................................................... 4-11
TrussReinforcementandRepair......................................................................... 4-11
FlooringRepair..................................................................................................... 4-17
Masonry-Pierand-AbutmentRepair.................................................................... 4-18
Masonry-Arch-BridgeRepair................................................................................ 4-20
Chapter5 POSTING............................................................................................................... 5-1
Bridge-ClassificationSigns......................................................................................5-1
TrafficControls....................................................................................................... 5-5
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PART THREE DESIGN
Chapter6 BRIDGESUPERSTRUCTURES............................................................................ 6-1
DesignPhases........................................................................................................ 6-1
DesignSequence.................................................................................................... 6-1
Chapter7 SUBSTRUCTUREDESIGN................................................................................... 7-1
AbutmentDesignProcedure................................................................................... 7-1
AbutmentDesigns................................................................................................. 7-12
Intermediate-SupportDesign................................................................................ 7-34
Chapter8 SUSPENSION-BRIDGEDESIGN.......................................................................... 8-1
Descriptions............................................................................................................ 8-1
BridgeSites............................................................................................................. 8-2
DesignFactors........................................................................................................ 8-3
LiveLoad................................................................................................................ 8-4
Panels......................................................................................................................8-4
Suspenders............................................................................................................. 8-8
MainCables............................................................................................................ 8-9
Backstays.............................................................................................................. 8-13
Towers.................................................................................................................. 8-13
Anchorages........................................................................................................... 8-16
Chapter9 CONNECTIONS..................................................................................................... 9-1
TimberConnections.................................................................................................9-1
SteelConnections................................................................................................... 9-9
Chapter10 CONSTRUCTION................................................................................................. 10-1
PlanningProcess.................................................................................................. 10-1
MaterialPreparation,TimberFraming.................................................................. 10-9
MaterialPreparation,SteelFabrication................................................................. 10-9
Safety.................................................................................................................. 10-11
Erection-EquipmentCapacity............................................................................. 10-12
SpecialEquipment.............................................................................................. 10-13
Truck-andCrawler-MountedCranes.................................................................. 10-13
Derricks............................................................................................................... 10-14
Cableways.......................................................................................................... 10-14
Hoists.................................................................................................................. 10-14
Jacks................................................................................................................... 10-14
Falsework............................................................................................................ 10-15
Erection-EquipmentTechniques......................................................................... 10-15
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DerrickElevation................................................................................................ 10-19
SpecialLaunchingMethods(SteelErection)..................................................... 10-22
Precautions........................................................................................................ 10-27
Suspension-BridgeConstruction........................................................................ 10-29
Chapter11 INSPECTIONANDMAINTENANCE................................................................... 11-1
Inspection............................................................................................................. 11-1
Maintenance......................................................................................................... 11-5
Chapter12 BRIDGINGINARCTICANDSUBARCTICENVIRONMENTS........................... 12-1
Permafrost............................................................................................................ 12-1
Transportation...................................................................................................... 12-2
ThawEffects......................................................................................................... 12-3
Explosives............................................................................................................ 12-3
Steel..................................................................................................................... 12-4
Wood.................................................................................................................... 12-4
Concrete............................................................................................................... 12-4
EngineerEquipment............................................................................................. 12-4
ConstructionSchedules....................................................................................... 12-4
BridgeFoundationsandSubstructures................................................................ 12-4
NativeMaterials.................................................................................................... 12-6
FoundationSurvey............................................................................................... 12-7
IntermediateSupports.......................................................................................... 12-8
Abutments.......................................................................................................... 12-10
IceRemoval....................................................................................................... 12-12
SuperstructurePrinciples................................................................................... 12-14
Panel-TrussBridges........................................................................................... 12-14
Timber-TrussBridges......................................................................................... 12-14
Steel-TrussBridges............................................................................................ 12-14
Fords.................................................................................................................. 12-14
IceCrossings...................................................................................................... 12-16
ExpedientIce-BridgeConstruction..................................................................... 12-18
ExpedientIce-BridgeReinforcementandRepair............................................... 12-19
AppendixA CONVERSIONCHARTS.......................................................................................A-1
AppendixB VEHICLECLASSIFICATION.................................................................................B-1
HypotheticalVehicles..............................................................................................B-1
StandardClassificationCurves............................................................................ B-14
AnalyticalClassificationProcedure...................................................................... B-14
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ExpedientClassificationProcedure..................................................................... B-20
Vehicle-ClassificationSigns................................................................................. B-20
AppendixC TIMBERPROPERTIES......................................................................................... C-1
Civilian-DesignStress.............................................................................................C-1
Military-DesignStress.............................................................................................C-1
AppendixD STEELPROPERTIES........................................................................................... D-1
All-PurposeSteel................................................................................................... D-1
High-Strength,Low-AlloySteel.............................................................................. D-1
Quench-andTempered-AlloySteel....................................................................... D-1
SteelStrengths...................................................................................................... D-2
StructuralShapes...................................................................................................D-2
Unlisted-BeamsSectionProperties..................................................................... D-12
AppendixE STRUCTURALMECHANICS................................................................................ E-1
Dead,Live,andImpactLoads............................................................................... E-1
Stresses................................................................................................................. E-1
StaticEquilibrium................................................................................................... E-6
InternalReactions.................................................................................................. E-8
ShearandMomentDiagrams.............................................................................. E-10
AppendixF CLASSIFICATIONEXAMPLES............................................................................ F-1
Notations................................................................................................................ F-1
Timber-StringerBridge........................................................................................... F-4
Steel-StringerBridge.............................................................................................. F-8
CompositeSteel-ConcreteStringerBridge.......................................................... F-11
Steel-GirderBridge.............................................................................................. F-17
TrussBridge......................................................................................................... F-24
ReinforcedConcrete-SlabBridge........................................................................ F-31
ReinforcedConcreteT-BeamBridge................................................................... F-35
ReinforcedConcrete-Box-GirderBridge.............................................................. F-39
PrestressedConcreteBridge............................................................................... F-43
Masonry-ArchBridge........................................................................................... F-48
AppendixG CONCRETEPROPERTIES................................................................................... G-1
GeneralProperties................................................................................................. G-1
CementTypes........................................................................................................ G-2
Mass-ConcreteStructures..................................................................................... G-4
Steel-ReinforcedConcrete..................................................................................... G-4
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AppendixH SOILPROPERTIES...............................................................................................H-1
AppendixI SUPERSTRUCTUREDESIGNEXAMPLES.......................................................... I-1
Notations................................................................................................................. I-1
Timber-StringerSuperstructurewithaTimberDeck............................................... I-3
Steel-StringerSuperstructurewithaConcreteDeck............................................... I-9
Glossary ...................................................................................................................Glossary-1
Bibliography ............................................................................................................Bibliography-1
Index .........................................................................................................................Index-1
vi
Preface
This manual provides essential technical information on nonstandard fixed bridges for engineer
staff officers. It is the doctrinal source of information for the United States (US) Army on the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Bridge and Vehicle Classification System. This
manualalso providesvariousmethods for classifyinganddesigning nonstandard fixed bridges in
militarytheatersofoperation(TOs).
This manual provides detailed technical data on the classification (analysis) and design of
bridges.ItisNOTintendedtoreplacecivilianclassificationoranalysiscodesandproceduresand
should NOT be used for civilian construction or classification. Engineer officers should note that
the methods shown in this manual are for conservative classification and design. Qualified
engineersalsomightuseappropriatecivilianmethodsformilitaryclassificationanddesign.
AppendixAcontainsanEnglish-to-metricmeasurementconversionchart.
The proponent for this publication is HQ TRADOC. Send comments and recommendations on
Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 directly to the US Army Engineer School (USAES),
Attention: ATSE-DOT-DD, Directorate of Training, 320Maneuver Support Center (MANSCEN)
Loop,Suite336,FortLeonardWood,Missouri65473-8929.
The provisions of this publication are the subject of the following international standardization
agreements (STANAGs) and Quadripartite STANAG (QSTAG):STANAG2010 Engineer (ENGR)
(Edition5), STANAG2021 ENGR (Edition5), STANAG2101 Land Force Tactical Doctrine and
OperationalProcedures(TOP)(Edition10),andQSTAG180(Edition4).
Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively
tomen.
Thispublicationcontainscopyrightedmaterial.
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viii
PART ONE
Basic Considerations
A bridge is a structure that is erected over obstacles such as a river or other
watercourse, a chasm, or a railroad to make a passageway from one bank to the
other. A bridge is usually constructed of wood, stone, brick, concrete, steel, or iron.
This book identifies methods and procedures for performing bridge reconnaissance,
vehicle and bridge classification, and analytical design of superstructures and
substructures; constructing bridge connections; and repairing or reinforcing existing
bridges.
Reconnaissance is critical to any military operation and for analyzing existing and
potential bridge sites. Information must be gathered for bridge use and construction
that might normally be overlooked. The engineer and reconnaissance elements must
be knowledgeable and prepared for the mission. Proper vehicle and bridge
classification is also an important engineer responsibility that helps keep lines of
communication (LOC) through the preservation of existing bridges in the TOs.
The purpose of bridge reconnaissance is to collect data that is necessary to support
operationalplanningandmovement.Existingbridgesareinspectedtodeterminetheir
load-carrying capacity and the requirement for repair and reinforcement. The
alternatives might revolve around the erection of a new semipermanent bridge or the
repair of a damaged permanent structure. When a demolished bridge is to be
replaced, reconnaissance should include a report of the serviceability of structural
members and accessories, which might be useful for the contemplated construction.
ThischapterimplementsSTANAGs2010(Edition5)
and2021(Edition5)andQSTAG180(Edition4).
Chapter 1
Background Information
Rapid movement on the battlefield requires existing road networks or
natural high-speed avenues that cross an assortment of wet and dry gaps.
Many existing bridges in the TOs will adequately support military loads
and only need to be classified for safe use. Gap crossings might be needed
where none currently exist. Reinforcing or repairing a bridge can serve
tactical purposes; however,mobility of the force is the key issue.
BackgroundInformation 1-1