Military injury biomechanics : the cause and prevention of impact injuries

431 Pages·2017·46.835 MB·English

by  Franklyn, Melanie, Lee, Peter Vee Sin

MILITARY INJURY
BIOMECHANICS
The Cause and Prevention
of Impact Injuries

MILITARY INJURY
BIOMECHANICS
The Cause and Prevention
of Impact Injuries
Edited by
Melanie Franklyn
Peter Vee Sin Lee
The University of Melbourne
Victoria, Australia
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Franklyn,Melanie,editor.|Lee,PeterVeeSin,editor.
Title:Militaryinjurybiomechanics:thecauseandpreventionofimpact
injuries/[editedby]MelanieFranklynandPeterVeeSinLee.
Description:BocaRaton,FL:CRCPress/Taylor&FrancisGroup,2017.|
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
Identifiers:LCCN2016051977|ISBN9781498742825(hardback:alk.paper)
Subjects:|MESH:War-RelatedInjuries--prevention&control|Biomechanical
Phenomena|MilitaryPersonnel|MilitaryMedicine--methods
Classification:LCCRC971|NLMWO700|DDC616.9/8023--dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016051977
VisittheTaylor&FrancisWebsiteat
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
andtheCRCPressWebsiteat
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii
Editors...............................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors......................................................................................................................................xi
Chapter1 Introduction................................................................................................................1
MelanieFranklynandPeterVeeSinLee
Chapter2 BallisticThreatsandBodyArmourDesign...............................................................5
JohnoBreeze,ElunedA.LewisandDebraJ.Carr
Chapter3 BlastPhysicsandVehicleResponse.......................................................................19
StephenJ.Cimpoeru,PaulPhillipsandDavidV.Ritzel
Chapter4 InjuryScoringSystemsandInjuryClassification....................................................35
MelanieFranklynandChristineRead-Allsopp
Chapter5 TheMedicalManagementofMilitaryInjuries........................................................71
DamianKeene,PeterMahoney,JohnoBreezeandArulRamasamy
Chapter6 AnthropomorphicTestDevicesforMilitaryScenarios...........................................87
MichaelKleinberger
Chapter7 TheMechanicalBehaviourofBiologicalTissuesatHighStrainRates................103
FengZhu,TalSaif,BarbaraR.PresleyandKingH.Yang
Chapter8 TheSkullandBrain:TestMethods,BehindArmourBluntTrauma
andHelmetDesign.................................................................................................119
TomGibson,NicholasShewchenkoandTomWhyte
Chapter9 TheSkullandBrain:MechanicalPropertiesoftheBrainunderImpact...............159
LynneBilston
Chapter10 TheSkullandBrain:ComputerModelsfortheHeadandItsProtection..............175
KwongMingTse,LongBinTanandHeowPuehLee
Chapter11 TheNeck:NeckInjuriesinMilitaryScenarios......................................................221
KwongMingTse,JianfeiLiu,VictorP.W.Shim,EeChongTeo
andPeterVeeSinLee
v
vi Contents
Chapter12 TheThoracolumbarSpineandPelvis:InjuryCriteriaforTraumatic
SpinalandPelvicInjuryandTheirCurrentApplications......................................263
MelanieFranklynandBrianD.Stemper
Chapter13 TheThoracolumbarSpine:CadavericTestingunderVerticalLoading................309
BrianD.Stemper,NarayanYoganandanandFrankA.Pintar
Chapter14 TheThoraxandAbdomen:BehindArmourBluntTrauma...................................329
CameronR.‘Dale’Bass
Chapter15 TheLowerExtremities:CadavericTesting,AnthropomorphicTestDevice
LegsandInjuryCriteria..............................................................................................373
CynthiaBirandBrianMcKay
Chapter16 TheLowerExtremities:ComputationalModellingAttemptstoPredictInjury.....389
GrigorisGrigoriadis,SpyrosMasouros,ArulRamasamy
andAnthonyM.J.Bull
Index..............................................................................................................................................411
Preface
Militaryinjurybiomechanicshasmorerecentlyemergedasatopicalresearcharea,withthewarsin
Afghanistan,Iraqandotherregionsresultinginalargenumberoffatalitiesandinjuredcombatants.
Thenatureofwarfareisconstantlyevolving,withdifferenttypesofmunitionsandbattlefieldscenar-
iosresultinginnewtypesofinjurypatterns.Thealteringlandscapeofrecentconflictshasledtonew
typesofvehicles,whilebodyarmourdesignhasdevelopedwiththeadvancedmaterialsnowavailable
todealwithcurrentandemergingthreats.Asaresult,therehasbeenaneedforcontemporarytools
andtechniquestopredictandassessinjuriessustainedincontemporaryconflictscenarios.
Inthisbook,wehavecoveredthebackgroundandcurrentstatusofmilitaryinjurybiomechanics
researchfordifferentbodyregions.Thefocusisonaccelerationandbluntimpactinjury,including
backfacedeformationresultingfromballisticimpactsandbluntinjurysustainedbysoldiersinmili-
taryvehiclessubjectedtolandmines.Wechosenottoincludeinjuriesfromblastwaves,suchasblast-
inducedtraumaticbraininjury,forseveralreasons.Firstly,therearecurrentlyotherbooksavailable
onthemarketcoveringthisdetailedtopic.Secondly,wefeltthatthisbookcouldbemorefocusedand
providemoredetailedinformationoneachofthetopicsifthematerialcoveredthedifferentfacetsof
acceleration and blunt impact injuries in terms of their causation and treatment, assessment using
mechanicalsurrogatesandpredictionusingcomputationalmodels.Thebook’sfirstfewchaptersaddress
thephysicsofballisticprojectilesandvehicledynamicswhensubjectedtoalandmine,whilesubsequent
chaptersincludetopicsrangingfromthemedicalmanagementofcombatinjuriestoanthropomorphic
testdevices,andcoverissuesspecifictoeachofthedifferentbodyregionssuchasinjuriessustained,
testmethodsandemergingresearch.Theauthorsareallspecialistsandleadingresearchersintheirfields,
andwearesuretheirknowledgeandinsightsintothevarioustopicswillbeinvaluabletoreaders.
The aim of thisbook isto provide a contemporary standard reference manual for academic and
militaryresearchers,physiciansandtraumaresearchers,andgraduatestudentsworkingorstudying
inthefieldsofmilitaryinjuriesandimpactinjury.Itcanalsobeausefulguideforengineersinvolved
intestingdefenceproducts,suchascombathelmetsandmilitaryvehicleseats,inadditiontoindivi-
dualsemployedindefence-relatedindustries,suchasdefencematerielmanufacturers.Improvedmiti-
gationofcombat-relatedinjurieswillhelpreducethenumberofcasualtiesincurrentwarfareandlead
to better prevention strategies, treatment options and rehabilitation measures for long-term impair-
ments.Wehopethatthisbookwillbeausefulreferenceguideforreadersinthedisciplineofmilitary
injurybiomechanics.
MelanieFranklyn
TheUniversityofMelbourne
PeterVeeSinLee
TheUniversityofMelbourne
vii

Editors
Dr.MelanieFranklynhasaPhDinBiomedicalEngineeringandisaninterna-
tionallyrecognisedexpertinimpactinjurybiomechanics,trauma,orthopaedics
andsportsinjuries. Sheiscurrentlyemployedasaresearch scientistinimpact
injury biomechanics at the Defence Science & Technology Group (DST
Group) Australia (since 2010) and is also an honorary senior research fellow
in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at The University of Melbourne
(since2010).Dr.Franklynestablishedanddevelopedthecapabilityinmilitary
injurybiomechanicsatDSTGroup,whereherresearchincludesmilitaryhelmet
evaluation,BehindArmourBluntTrauma(BABT),braininjurypredictionusingfiniteelementmod-
els,thedevelopmentofinjurycriteriaforthespineandpelvis,andinjurypredictionmethodologyfor
underbellyvehicleblasttests.ShealsoconductsinjurybiomechanicsworkatTheUniversityofMel-
bourne,includingresearchontibialstressinjuries,traumaandorthopaedics.
Dr. Franklyn was previously employed as a research fellow at the Monash University Accident
ResearchCentre(2001–2009inclusive)whereherresearchfocusedonoccupantinjuryinautomotive
crashes,crashworthiness,computermodelling,injurycoding,traumaandsportsinjuries.Sheisacer-
tifiedabbreviatedinjuryscalespecialistthroughtheAssociationfortheAdvancementofAutomotive
Medicine(AAAM)andisaqualifiedinjurycodinginstructor.Dr.Franklynisontheeditorialboardof
theWorldJournalofOrthopaedicsandisareviewerforvariousinternationaljournalsandgranting
bodies.Shehasalsosupervisednumerousgraduatestudentprojectsandherresearch hasbeenfea-
turedinvariousforumssuchastheABCCatalystTVprogramme.
Dr.PeterLeeiscurrentlyaprofessorintheMelbourneSchoolofEngineeringat
TheUniversityofMelbourne.HeobtainedhisBEnginMechanicalEngineering
(1991) and PhD (1996) in bioengineering from the University of Strathclyde,
UK, and continued his post-doc in the same university from 1996 to 1998.
He was a research fellow with the Biomaterials Group at the Institute of
Materials Research and Engineering, Singapore, from 1998 to 2001. In 2001,
he joined the Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute,
DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, as the head of the Bioengineering
Laboratory.HejoinedTheUniversityofMelbourneasaseniorlecturerin2008.
ProfessorLeeisrecognisedinternationallyintissuebiomechanicsresearch,injurybiomechanics
and rehabilitation engineering. He has published more than 140 articles in journals, conference
proceedingsand books.He currently leads a research team focusingonunderstanding impact-type
injuries tothe body,leading to effectiveprevention strategies. Hisresearch spansall threelevels –
thehuman,organsandcells.Theseinvestigationsalsoapplycomputationalmodelstofurtherunder-
standdiseasesandinjuriestothevariousjointsinthebody.
Dr.MelanieFranklyn’sproceedsfromthisbookhavebeendonatedtotheRSLDefenceCarecharity,anorganisationwhich
helpscurrentandformerservingmembersoftheAustralianDefenceForcesufferingillness,injuryorcrisis.
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