Militarized Refugee Populations

33 Pages·1999·0.24 MB·English

by  Sarah Kenyon Lischer

THE ROSEMARIE ROGERS
WORKING PAPER SERIES
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aivalso grue Ym sreneohigFtnell anhaCiratinamuH
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August 1999
M DEZIRATILI R EEGUFE P SNOITALUPO :
H UMANITARIAN C HALLENGES IN THE F ORMER Y UGOSLAVIA 1
rehcsi Lnoyne KharaS 2
sihT repap senimaxe eht snoitidnoc rednu hcihw eegufer swolf esuac tcilfnoc otdaerps
across borders. In order to develop propositions, the paper studies a group of Bosnian
milsuM seegufer ohw demrof na ymra ot ekater rieht .nwotemoh ehT noitautis foesoht
seegufer stseggus taht lanretxe lacitilop ,snoitidnoc yllaicepse troppus morf ehteegufer
gniviecer ,etats denimreted eht ytiliba fo eht seegufer ot ezilibom .yliratilim ehTecneserp
fo nailivi cs-tnnoenmele gnoma eht seegufer dna eht ecneulfni fo lufrewop eegufersredael
acted as necessary, but not sufficient, conditions that led to violence. The Bosnian Muslim
esac smrifnoc taht eht snoitca fo nairatinamuh seicnega era deniartsnoc yb eht levelfo
available resources and the attitude of the receiving state. Within those constraints,
RCHNU dna sOGN yam tpmetta ot ,tneverp ,ecuder ro erongi lacitilop ecneloivtaht
. sseeevgluofvenri
I NOITCUDORTN
fI deksa tuoba eht seitivitca fo seegufer gnirud eht raw ni remrof ,aivalsoguYtsom
t yar tliesakns rhcsssetioaiv uB rtq.reo s esn eethbe hehtocttggOan ui laofrypttedirultism
srevresbo ,retnuoc htiw na yllauqe daorb ,peews taht all ela mseegufe redreezwiratilim
eud ot decrof noitpircsnoc otni eno ro rehtona etats.ymra 3 yB gniyduts a puorgfo
nainsoB ,seegufer siht repap skees ot yfiralc eht snoitidnoc rednu hcihw eeguferswolf
esuac tcilfnoc ot daerps ssorca .sredrob nI redro ot poleved ,snoitisoporp eht repap
senimaxe a puorg fo nainsoB milsuM seegufer ohw demrof na ymra ot ekaterrieht
.nwotemoh ehT noitautis fo esoht seegufer stseggus taht lanretxe lacitilop,snoitidnoc
yl ltariocpepp usmseorf eh t egengiu vfd,ieeeerntciaemtrrs eethe tdytiliba fo ehsteegufer
feocneulf nei hdt nsaeeguf eer hgtno msatneme lneailivic-n o fneocnese rep h.Tezilib oomt
lufrewop eegufer sredael detca sa ,yrassecen tub ton ,tneiciffus snoitidnoc taht delot
.ecneloiv
sihT hcraeser osla sksa tahw elor eht detinU snoitaN hgiH renoissimmoC rofseegufeR
)RCHNU( dna rehto nairatinamuh srotca nac yalp ni gnitneverp eht daerps fo.ecneloiv

1 ehT nolleM stropeR ,seires dna eht seiduts nopu hcihw yeht era ,desab era detroppus yb a suorenegtnarg
from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
2 Address correspondence to Sarah K. Lischer, Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 292 Main St. E38-6 th floor, Cambridge MA 02139. Email: [email protected]. For helpful
comments and suggestions, I thank Anki Eriksson, Dana Francis, Kelly Greenhill, Donald Horowitz, Ali
,cilj elLeinaD ,zte MhtenneK ,eyO tre b,ogRrebt oeRvetS naV ,arevE dna drah c.ixRocliW I ma lufetarg
to the Mellon-MIT Program on NGOs and Forced Migration for financial support and helpful feedback,
yllaic emposref n e,rnaeKs bnooc ra,aJlhlSessu Rdna eht etal nor y.MrenieW I osla ewo ynam sknahtot
RCHNU dna eh te rntoniet C ary tol,dnflhneacamirucac eeoopsDtseeR ffe JpsirC dna gnauQ.iuB
3 , w a y e,vwl8i ,reeu 9v, ytoniJ, 9rrdbih evly1eonl t,GrebthapOufenntSGa f tniuNaRnoatCissHrNeUp
Croatia, June 1998. On forced conscription in Croatia see Human Rights Watch, Civil and Political
Rights in Croatia weN( :kroY snamuH sthgiR ,hctaW.)5991
ehT nainsoB milsuM esac smrifnoc taht eht snoitca fo nairatinamuh seicnega era
deniartsnoc yb eht level fo elbaliava secruoser dna eht edutitta fo eht gniviecer.etats
nihtiW esoht ,stniartsnoc RCHNU dna sOGN yam tpmetta ot ,tneverp ,ecuder roerongi
seegufe rsevlovn itah tecneloi vlacitilop .
eegufeR tnemevlovni ni lacitilop ,ecneloiv erehw ti ,srucco stneserp a suoires taerhtot
.yt i nll Iias bnssaoeiti rhsgodetd raneohit tnaon eh teve fon g eig hanOtpiTmbAamNcob
ni ,ov otsnoeKdi sneortPnil Cdenraw taht eht tnemevom fo ,sdnasuoht fi ton ,snoillimfo
seegufer morf ovosoK dluow etabrecaxe eht taerht fo lanoiger ecneloiv ni eht.snaklaB 4
o sd vmn ey ooas esl nsri ushibg iofnc dsTaaneKaifoari ihbnoxmf frtlhei9opAtt9ses9u1j
sraef fo a rediw .raw enO RC HlN aUdiecsi sfnefrroepcxneo ctaht eht sbreS dluowtegrat
eht eegufer spmac esuaceb eht“ eegufer noitalupop dna eht ALK ovosoK[noitarebiL
]ymrA era ylesolc”.deknil 5 srevresbO evah osla detroper taht eht ALK sahylbicrof
detpircsnoc eegufer nem otni eht leber.ymra 6 ehT tsom emertxe raef si tahtravosoK
seegufer yam esuac cinht etcilfnoc ni ainodecaM yb gnittespu eht gnitsi xeecnalabereht
.snainodeca Mcinht edn asnainabl Acinht eneewteb 7
sihT repap sesucof no woh eegufer ,swolf hcus sa eht sudoxe morf ,ovosoK nac daelot
eht daerps fo laciti leocpneloiv ssorca .sredrob lacit i,leocPneloiv s adehsiugnitsmiodrf
lanimi r,cecneloiv si denifed sa dezinagr otneloiv ytivitca rof lacitilop .slaog hguohtlA
lacitil oyptivitca srucco ni ,ynam fi ton ,tsom eegufe rdetalupop ,saera lacitiloepcneloiv
gsne iesvgrluuofcv ecnsroise lnetfo dna nac egna rmcoird fasrtoopisr rsognita eobt-lluf
degd e.lrfaw s rotac ifdonI a hgi hlevel lef acoecndieut llisoclsi noovriprecd rsodbiaryb
sait idleismab ni ro ra eeneg u,fse prsmkaccatta no eh tneoeigtuafleur pyobp ehtgnidnes
.seta tgsnidn erso/d nganiviec eereguf eer h yttbnemevlov nyiratil i rm,oetats
lacitiloP ecneloiv netfo srucco ni eht txetnoc fo a deziratilim eegufer .noitalupop
noitaziratiliM sebircsed nailivic-non setubirtta fo eegufer detalupop ,saera gnidulcni
sno istecdau l ocnsnoliiatazi r.attn ielmitMiu r,dcgnenarin iyarratt i,lsinm os pwfaooelwfni
, tpeemeya g ceuedfhie tsryttuiov intacialiv iec g- nsanoieg ohlnrnwieo x/sedeneag uffoer
ohw dneped no ecnatsissa morf seegufer ro lanoitanretni.snoitazinagro 8 tI swolloftaht
noitaziratilimed si eht gnikniled fo eht eegufer detalupop aera morf yratilim srotcadna
fnooitceto re p hogttnital ew rallanoitanret nr iosfeitr al p lytabceps ed rn,aytivit cyaratilim
.seegufer 9 noitaziratiliM nac rucco eud ot eht ecneserp fo sreidlos ro tnatilimselixe

4 tnediserP lliB ,notnilC fI“ eW t’noD ,tcA eht raW lliW ”,daerpS stprecxe morf swen ecnerefnoclaredeF(
Document Clearing House March 20, 1999), A08.
5 ”,reetnuloV - ytlomolvrNAoA s,otKr“ esp eumRaJ nottsgonPihsaW , April 26, 1999, A14.
6 .dibI
7 The International Crisis Group, “Macedonia: Toward Destabilization? The Kosovo Crisis Takes its Toll
no ”,ainodec a,M]mth.per80cam/stroper/snaklabs/stcejorp/gro.bewsisirc.www//:ptth[ yaM ,71.9991
8 The term exiles refers to people, including soldiers and war criminals, who left their country of origin
tub ohw od yt f o.i enslreua ogtuyfuaqlftb esa sr h ne,ssils ieipdue xmnggyEaasnuac aifmetevsriildni
yeht did ni eriaZ retfa eht sudoxe morf.adnawR
9 International law requires the protection of refugees and prohibits refugee participation in destabilizing
.yti veietSc a e ,hdstentoiintUaN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees , Chapter 1, General
Provisions, Article 1, 1951 and Organization of African Unity, Convention Governing the Specific
g n)isd lural ancowinhmiw i(ervcil ni ro rae nd eeeth eatagleuurfp ae otrdpcnaarhettinwi
eht .seegufer seegufeR ro selixe ohw erots smra dna niart edistuo eht ,pmac tey nruterot
eht pmac rof ,doof lacidem ,ecnatsissa dna ylimaf ,stisiv etaerc a deziratilimeegufer
.noitalupop nI nretsae ,eriaZ rof ,elpmaxe eno laitneulfni nadnawR utuH tnatilim
4 9ee9ht1tartep rgenpip lree htu fvhai t KnunooiiStatn aal n pda e nndsa aaeuabsoahhcrup
.ediconeg morF sih ,noitatnalp eh deretlehs rehto stnatilim dna detiurcer seeguferrof
redrob-ssorc sdiar otni .adnawR siH seitivitca deregnadne eht eegufer noitalupopdna
.tnemnre vnoagdn aedwheRtnetaerht 10
etipseD eht laitnetop lacitilop dna ytiruces sksir desop yb eegufer ,snoitautis onyroeht
stsixe ot nnioailtpaxzeiratil ifmo eeguf edretalupo p.saera ,suhT eht setats dnaseicnega
ylesrevda detceffa od ton evah yna citametsys krowemarf ot ediug eht tnempolevedfo
s c.ei setfseg i oeeuyr svgft C tt lueiryacyofr voche rvegii tfranrntlhfotiicotafipapilowicm
feiler dnif ,taht ni emos ,sesac nairatinamuh ecnatsissa yllautca sedivorp a yratilim
egatnavda ot eno puorg fo.stnatabmoc 11 ehT nainso Bsesac nesohc rof sisylana nisiht
repap etartsnomed ,taht rednu niatr e,csecnatsmucric eht daerps fo lacitilop ecneloiveud
ot eegufer swolf nac eb .deniatnoc ehT gniwollof noitces fo eht repap sedivorp afeirb
.erut alr aee c thni wiTityel aedi tmrov fnobe fo aerso e vheehre tsehtelnyhtpeeltarhaptna
slpaichistniolio tptaalhetr dedecerp eht yawakaerb fo eht milsu Mevalcne dnasetarobale
no eht esac fo eht akileV asudalK seegufer ohw demrof na ,ymra tey yllautneveerew
.deziratilimed morF eht ecneirepxe fo esoht ,seegufer snoitisoporp no eht sesuacfo
laciti leocpnel oginvivlo vsneiegufer era .devired ehT repap sedulcnoc htiw skramerno
.seicneg anairatinamu hy bdeca fsegnellah ceht
R DN ASEEGUFE I LANOITANRETN R SNOITALE T YROEH
sen to ouis w btee Tniiiroorsdut too tf npbea odoohreac rtecelptnra i epcelflsiuootdiivlootp
eegufer lanoitanretni—swolf snoitaler dna eegufer .seiduts litnU yltnecerlanoitanretni
snoitaler sralohcs dednet ot erongi eht lacitilop dna yratilim snoitacilpmi fo eegufer
.stnemevom tn esrercunCavda ni eht yroeht fo livic raw w otnhgil hsg nieohhittacilfpomi
livic dna cinhte sraw taht llips ssorca ,sredrob hguohtla leahciM nworB stimda tahton“
gnirobhgi esnevlov ndi nsaegag ntecilfn olcanret nhici h nwsiy aew h ftsotsi xyedu tcsimetsys
states.” 12 sethct esfafraop ssdaeniead ge ucffnoeer s teeeahr eh tpsrtrgaal o thhscgosumohtlA
ylera rerutareti lsnoitale rlanoitanretn i,setat sgniviece rdn agnidne sf oycilo pngiero fdn aytiruces
.yltcerid eussi eht sesserdda 13

Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa , 1969.
10 acirf A,sth gsisRentiW“ ot .edicone GnhoJ uf u:siuzYakaynu MehT relliK dniheB eht ”,eegufeR Africa
Rights 6 (June 1997).
11 s e ”er, gorguanfWie dR,e re eFnb“erBaB Foreign Affairs ,67 .oN 4 guA/ y,l)u7J9(91.41-8
12 Michael E. Brown, “Introduction,” in The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict , ed. Michael E.
Brown (Cambridge, MA: Center for Science and International Affairs, 1996), 25.
13 On international relations and civil war see David A. Lake and Donald Rothchild, ed., The
International Spread of Ethnic Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); David Carment and
Patrick James, ed., Wars in the Midst of Peace :y htgirsurbesvti tnfhiUogPr(u b,sstste ir;PP)799n1evetS
R. David, “Internal War: Causes and Cures,” dlroWscitiloP 49 (July 1997); Daniel Byman and Stephen
no ilft ioarvzaii wcl na,yin snoetyait eamt u sywaobs en ti ederernlngehtaiauttncxfnoeeicR
seiroe httaht ta esretegufer sa tnna eedlnbeapie rdnanevitfo od ton yficeps eshmtsinahcem
yb hcihw eeguf esrtnemevom dael ot eht daerps fo .tcilfnoc nworB stimil sih sisylanaot
stnemmoc no sevaw“ fo seegufer dna yeltom sgnag fo edagener ”spoort taht hsarc“ssorca
borders.” 14 neB rebraB sreffo a erom esicerp sisylana ni sih gnihtacs skcatta no
nairatinamuh dia ot seegufer sa a esuac fo .raw eH seugra taht eht“ dekcap,spmac
detcetorp yb lanoitanretni yhtapmys dna lanoitanretni ,wal edivorp tnellecxe revocrof
sallirreu gdna evres sa sesab morf hcihw yeht nac hcnu”a.lskcatta 15 gnidl inuoB ehtlivic
raw ,erutaretil siht repap stpmetta ot ezilanoitarepo eegufer snoitalupop sa natnednepedni
.elbairav
ehT eeguf esre iedruuttsaret isleod ton re fcfiotamet syydsuts fo eht ystnioriutcaecsilpmi
fo esengouif te,arrleu hphtogipueoht leareht si gn inwooirtgnetta ot eht seussi foytiruces
staerht dna yratilim.ytivitca 16 noryM renieW sdnetnoc taht eegufer swolf nac eb
dootsrednu htob“ sa esuac dna ecneuqesnoc fo lanoitanretni”.tcilfnoc 17 ,ylralimliiSG
rehcseoL sdnif taht eht“ seitivitca dna snoitibma fo eht seeguf e,rsevlesmeht sa llewsa
esoht fo eshttnemnrev ofgo mulysa dna fo eh tal lsitrnreemuegvom ni htob gnidnesdna
gniviecer ,setats era lanoiti dtdnaacifingis srotcaf ni eht noitagnolorp dna ytixelpmocfo
”.smelbo repegufer 18 noitubir t,nl oa r cn ,eo itf fy ,mueafadeebiounk srgar,bAhgurSe bloZ
ot eht tsil fo segnellah cdesop yb e engouiftearpicitra pni .raw riehT sisylsaenzaingocer
e hst rdeegtna a e,ddrse cezyeib grnuaeftveierl inmehw eehctne lsoeiovd ton rucco nieht
.spm aecegufer 19
T EH V AKILE K ASUDAL R SEEGUFE
snrecn oeccnelo ilvacitil o fpeocnats n,idenimaxe nyulevital etr e,ygnitseret nyilralucitr aAp
eht seegufer detaerc sa a tluser fo eht snoitca fo a yawakaerb milsuM noitcaf del ybeht

”,tcil fynl odyCareaDrop m ses ete fnsnseoouoehaChtCt o:pt y h yHyg,ehiah WFrTn“eavVE Security
Studies 7, No. 3 (Spring 1998), 1-50; Michael E. Brown, et. al., ed., Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict
,e g :yd y,Ari. lsMar) el e tb7eha, ey nim9eTcn,grTola-siesu rIiC6fssfaMM(9ioeeB“9cPrr1ePpS
”,sretsa seieDgu fsoeetRsnopseR International Security 21, No. 1 (Summer 1996), 72-111.
14 Brown, “Internal Conflict and International Action,” in Brown, The International Dimensions , 612.
15 Barber, 8.
16 l ydrr eashnrCreefBfo nsaisylana f osno i lteaah cct fi isoteltiepnlgmeo uimptf eaesvhreothmcuotno
”e csnc ei d iten,.r i eadseel ygrephoetuauxtPeifnsE“SrersuReicBes Political Science Quarterly ,101.oN
.s 6e d3 s,n 6nu)an4-ec6 lo7eo 8w1lfw9e6ho1Nth ( aeoKc t ur edesh ebect mrmeifougnornuhffteer
gyntii ssste ssneuhfteeeotocrpgh idoutoldrf itfapeewnrs,ou dca. nc tr adcoclaiiwelnerfhNpntsoec
cinht Et“cilfnoC dna ”,seegufeR Survival 35, No. 1 (Spring 1993), 81-101. See also Leon Gordenker,
Refugees in International Politics .) 7,8s 9sy1etriPsre vaiinbUm u: lkworeCoNY(
17 Myron Weiner, “Introduction: Security, Stability, and International Migration” in International
Migration and Security . ),3 s9ws9ee1ir vP:trseedW lr u e,o nnB.oi(dreeyWM
18 , re hlcisGeoL Refugee Movements and International Security ,s )’,.r2yS1o9eS4 f9sI:1sInao rdBnoL(
19 editsirA .R ,grebl oiZrts A,ekrh uoSigr e,SoyaugA Escape from Violence ytisrev idnrUo f:xdOrof xO(
”ey bt.t ii8ao y rn7h tre ,cu d2w,ohs)sm ee-siTi9emtsm5sr 8dopur7ere9cee2ra h1ctPwftn-ooece gaufer“
here a militarized refugee population.
citamsir anhacmssenisub terkiF cidbA gnirud eht raw ni remrof .aivalsoguY rednUeht
pihs rf,eocdiadeb lAa p auaso kur sidgf e lanot0ed eliu0gerVKo0uli—b,ffena5ehw2rtot
eht cah ieBciwt—tek cgonpirud eht raw ni .ainsoB eeS( ,enilem ixtidneppA )1 ehTtsrif
.sec rso’fci ddbeAtae fye mdtrnaemnre vnoagin s eonhB et4h 9we9 t1dnaeilrru cscuodoxe
tahT elixe dedne ni ylrae 5991 nehw eht seegufer demrof na ymra ot ekaterrieht
nwotemoh morf eht nainsoB 5 ht ,sproC hcihw saw deyolped yb eht del-milsuM
.tnemnre vog nehW e hntain sy om sBrd rAeseh’tscr uiotpdpubpoAus fo ainsoB adnoces
emit ni tsuguA ,5991 eht selixe erew elbanu ot ez i.lyilbiormatilim ehT seeguferrehtie
denruter yllufecaep ro deltteser ot driht .seirtnuoc tahW stnuocca rof eht tnereffid
?es ahcc a nesiemoctuo
ehT yrots fo ter kciiFdbA d n nlotauisfln slitssea niebgeoehceahvmcrtenujrsaenrvuaoSg
si netfo deredisnoc na reiltuo ni eht llarevo yrotsih fo eht raw ni remrof.aivalsoguY 20
gnidrage Reht cidb Ae e,gnuofietra uRtC iHss NldUaeizciinfgfo octearht eht“melborp
yam eb llams evitaler ot eht llarevo srebmun fo decalpsid dna seegufer tub ti siylhgih
xelpmoc dna on ssel yllacitilop”.degrahc 21 hguohtlA eht milsuM-artni tcilfnocseifed
lanoitnevnoc modsiw tuoba cinhte tcilfnoc dna cinhte ,ytiniffa ti sedivorp ayleuqinu
lu fepslae chro f .es hny todei uctlegt naae nselcgfoluiuomoptgfaioine vpliryonBpimaxe
eht emas noitalupop eciwt nihtiw a elgnis ,tcilfnoc eht rehcraeser slortnoc rofelpitlum
tnfeom e.n sirtf ecetiral Lfsnso ocsrece agn uoffsoeirra pemdo ecdp l mtusiaonhwotitairav
snoita ldu epnroeip easwpetcenber ed efe rlbfpnseloioiipird lhawpsetpnvoeidtis oephotrp
morf eht emas ,tcilfnoc rof elpmaxe nadnawR utuH seegufer ni eriaZ susrev esohtni
.ainaznaT
se edgn uaefh aetriRavW an li rseeohmgtruoYF 22
ehT kaerb pu fo eht teivoS ,eripme dna gnitluser ,ytirucesni detubirtnoc otlacitilop
lavaehpu dna cinhte noisnet ni aivalsoguY retfa.9891 23 nI ,1991 ainevolS dnaaitaorC
dedeces morf ,aivalsoguY gnimialc sraef fo breS noitanimod fo eht .noitaredef ehT
tnem t f a,oden er o evtyidhi stsnt ebiisa,crmre areocnieS neitpdisaemolr Cot nreaewwteb
aibreS dna .aitaorC nI eht cinhte-itlum etats fo ,ainsoB degdew neewteb aibreSdna
,.ani ot ysd iaetme vtohii ndaartrlteelrCoslt tsejueayaodaMfebngemriufh mYteohdt-breS
tsniagA eht sehsiw fo nainsoB ,sbreS eht etats tnemnrevog dediced ot edecesmorf
aivalsoguY ni .2991 revO eht esruoc fo eht gniusne ,raw snaitaorC dna smilsuM
-milsuM -. t snaee i o hcthbretrstrChonie tfiWSda e gri d aelhnthlcaht aagoyeuloeftanretla
breS ,ytilitsoh a lla mmsilsuM- atrctinlifnoc degreme ni tsewhtro n.ainsoB sihTrepap
.tnemnrev oogvejar aeS httsnia gnaoilleb etra h ytdbetae rsceeguf eer hstenimaxe

20 nI e hstd r s”o” e. w,d,,lwf teetrooleknsahakcaih sdciLlCeeio P andcPy“anoiidrsroutooaljrbf“ w eeNhT
Republic, Dec. 19, 1994, 14.
21 , tsinnoUit allaenRretxE—aivals orgeu mYyrr ooolvfFan iEe ccfee iohpRftS CfHONU Information
setoN no remroFaivalsoguY lanretxE—aivalso grueYm rryoooF fvlnaEic eeefpchoSit fRfCOH NU(
snoitaleR ,tinU rebmetpeS.)4991
22 roF a doog tnuocca fo eht ,raw ees aruaL rebliS dna nallA ,elttiL Yugoslavia, Death of a Nation weN (
:kroY niugne P,skooB.)5991
23 Barry Posen, “The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,” Survival 35, No. 1 (Spring 1993), 27-47.
tef.hhosgt n ieotehsAh trdeepcalp syildlanre tdsnneiaeg u sffneooril ldiemta ererahcwT
tnemecalpsi d,sisirc ylluf“ flah fo s’ainsoB raw-erp noitalupop saw daed ro”.detoorpu 24
s ete sgdouiMfd etro nevil n ispm ad tycedul te beeasrtrduen aeoohirvwmhtoimiroepcca
evitcelloc sretnec ,sloohcs( ,sletoh ymra ,skcarrab.).cte 25 eegufeR snoitalupoperew
ydleisroapm mifo ro c,p,nneermd oldwinhac e.hytlredle nr ooeiFetgau zf,ienrreamtilim
koo te h ntmori otdfp n ifad roedc ci sy rdtn lnocotetofeco ccifnenesf hariafttivosdoirspsa
ot rehto .seegufer roF ,elpmaxe ni etal 2991 dna ,3991 naitaorC slaiciffoylbicrof
detairta peegra-tfard nainsoB selam ot thgif ni eht nainsoB ymra sa trap fo apihsdneirf
tnemeerga neewteb eht owt.setats 26 nehW e hetc nnaeielwltae beh tsmilsu MdnastaorC
despalloc ni ,3991 aitaorC ylbicrof detairtaper nainsoB nem ot nainsoB taorCnosirp
spmac rehtar naht ot eht nainsoB .ymrA nI eht remmus fo ,3991 retfa gnorts stsetorpyb
gn idt, tenyRdspe t Cnepmn ilHaronaena NrtrihundUasettmonvamiaooot grcaeCnhrtetni
gnitairt anpaeirnso B.seegufer ehT tsav ytirojam fo seegufer did ton egagne nilacitilop
.ec nn ao ti ostn ttipanaseiAhscrtaxaeti nganmiuv hieyeltcii eh vyrweircta nctreaiolloiimv
nrettap saw eht puorg fo seegufer morf akileV asudalK ohw demrof na ymraelihw
.tropp uRsCH NmUo rgfnitifeneb
Background of the Muslim Rebellion
ehT nwot fo akileV ,asudalK terkiF s’cidbA rewop ,esab seltsen ni eht raftsewhtron
,.r an e cio ndn ,fcanidsi l rerroa hsgnareoheaheioeowoncttW ihBBrcWoffBteAoeSht
tseroop saera ni.aivalsoguY 27 cidbA demrofsnart eht noiger otni a ylhgihelbatiforp
t cyyerlpelsva aeudte rl,ilcvo rree thm.no r ok, elcoyhtarn g nigasuerApioctmhrsohucTdni
fo eht .ymonoce siH eripme dedulcni lacol noisivelet dna oidar snoitatselbaulavni(
secruoser rof eht retal raw tsniaga eht ovejaraS.)tnemnrevog 28 yB gnidiveovriptarcul
tnemyo ldpnmae a h gdirhadnat sfo ,gni vcii lddbeAruce seh tgn iyytdlnauyol fo tsomfo
.asudal Kakile Vn iesoh tyllaiceps e,cahi Bf ostnatibahn ieht 29
nI tahw dah demees a tnenamrep ,taefed cidbA tneps owt sraey ni nosirp rednu
noitagitsevni rof laicremmoc emirc litnu sih esaeler ni.9891 30 ehT yraropmetkcabtes
dewols sih esir ot ,rewop tub ton sih .ytiralupop A tneili snearicitilop dna,namssenisub

24 ,seeguf er Roefettimm oSCU World Refugee Survey (Washington DC: Immigration and Refugee
seciv r,f eao,Sc)i4r 9e.9m01A31 nI 3991 e hrtebmu nsfeoe gmuofre fr adei ehvrltaealmts3roo.otg1fuY
million, with an additional 1.6 million internally displaced. US Committee for Refugees, 42.
25 For example, in 1993 Croatia hosted 800,000 refugees and displaced persons. Of those, 55,000 lived in
evitcelloc ,sretnec 000,98 degdol ni ,sletoh dna eht tser deyats htiw tsoh .seilimaf tnemtrapeDfo
Humanitarian Affairs, United Nations Revised Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for Former Yugoslavia ,
April-December 1993 (Geneva, March 1993), 29.
26 Human Rights Watch.
27 roF erom noitamrofni no eht yrotsih fo akileV ,asudalK ees ahsiM ,ynnelG The Fall of Yugoslavia weN(
:kroY niugneP ,skooB ,)6991.451-251
28 Igor Ivancic, interview by author, Split, Croatia, June 1998. Tanwir Shahzada, interview by author,
. 8y,9la9uv1JeneG
29 Anna Husarska, “Pocket Change,” The New Republic (July 19 and 26, 1993), 9.
30 ten hedTmensruecv c o,as gci,rhyenmaopk moforo cggAniussi 1$ noillib n yidreoks,cssaiebmtnoournp
which created havoc in the banking industry. Misha Glenny, “The Godfather of Bihac,” wei vk erwRoeYN
of Books (August 12, 1993).
sefrhoet b emenefnemeh oomot tycocettbpurk ndnanobas im rok prcdfaebcn ucoibdbA
nainso Bycnediserp ni .1991 elihW eh yllautca now erom setov naht yna etadidnacni
ainsoB ni eht 1991 lanoiger,snoitcele 31 a denialpxenu-llits ytrap-artni laed evag eht
.civogebte zaIji l oAytcnediserp 32
e ckdii edla” teb“dadarAosnee guarwsadt“t kanfi l eo leKt dseeaeirVrhhsegttevarresbO
ydaer ot od revetahw eh”.dias 33 enO diviv egami serutpac eht ecnerever sihsrewollof
dleh rof .mih retf A seisha eml oenrrofsir pni ,9 8 c9di1edrbiAs el daa hyprmtunioerttni
gnitna h,cda onri aem hdten islretropp unsoitarecrac nmio rnfrut esr ir.h oaFsuda laKkileV
“ Babo, Babo ”, ro ,yddaD “”.yddaD sA sih etihw sedecreM rac deretne ,nwostretroppus
derethguals na xo ni eht .daor spahreP ,yllacitehporp s’cidbA yovnoc devirraemoh
.dool blainomere cn idehsalps 34
nI redro ot dnatsrednu eht scimanyd fo eht retal ,ecneloiv ti si yrassecen ot ecarteht
laci tsi pldio nhpy asrtnalotiiiutlbailme ryb cidbA nev eerofeb eht .raw nehW rawekorb
tuo neewteb aibreS dna aitaorC ni ,1991 s’cidbA lacitilop dna cimonoce senutroferew
.stneregill eeb hhtt idwegr odf a ehshnoitcenn olcacitil oxpelpm oec h ytdbenrevog
ehT cidbA ,eripme tliub dnuora ,cremokorgA dedneped no asuoregnad
h ec a vici. ahitrgg wdaMne(boi atArvb a Cle,c d owsienfvkldaonneaiidrlt
eerf trop ni ,)akejiR sti naibreS seimene ni ,ninK eht nainsoB breSymra
.edargle Bdn a,tekco pcahi Beh tn ismilsu Mwolle fgnigeiseb 35
tahT yrotsih fo gnikamlaed doots mih ni doog daets gnirud eht egeis fo cahiB ni.3991
hguohtlA rehto strap fo eht evalcne ,devrats stnediser fo akileV asudalK devivrusno
.do otfekr akmca ld bndaelggums 36 .elp o seefi prohka oc”ootb a, Bl“a ussAu
ds eerndduoniousfo re trrse u eekec sfwlcra eo ioah0h ,mp ui0te2gqB0h9ns ,t9iy61rBps
yb elitsoh eht—secrof yawakaerb cilbupeR fo breS anijarK devrac( tuo fonaitaorC
)yrotirret ot eht tsew dna ,htron dna nainsoB sbreS ot eht htuos dna.tsae 37 (See Map,
xidneppA ).2 deehtTautis-yllaco5l ht sproC fo eht nainsoB ymra saw ylroop demradna
elbanu ot dnefed cahiB ni esac fo .kcatta A hcnerF noilattab devirra sa trap fo ehtNU
.detim is laewtadn as mtt iu3b9 9y1raurb en)FiROFORPN Ue(cr onFoitcetorP 38

31 .6 8 ,3sr. e, ’e1l7dcb1t4nil2t8avii oSLs8ge1e t6boo,t tv0ed1ze0Iv ,ic1eicdebrA
32 .d e t lr e ena edvreesfeaced nfsh eb dooo fss eipc o imtdpies hiaeudhastatcsbhalerAwcropf ryentanMi
ot evig pu eht ycnediserp tub ta rehto semit sah detats sih erised ot ogrof lanoitan scitilop rof sihssenisub
. 8 y9,l9r u1owJ heytibuvar e,tsnliaic iRf Cf.HosNtUseretni
33 ,cicnav IenuJ 8991 dna olozn ozGagra V,a swoeliLvretni yb ,roh t,uaaveneG yluJ.8991
34 .,r 8 o e9w hn9eytu1ibuJvar e,tsnsient i d wylye roby,otectisc n raovgII
35 ”? ogrb neagidBnK nihU vtyirl L o l,e Ws ayfaIelim“RaLmDE The Independent , yluJ ,03.4991
36 Husarska, 9.
37 Serb-held Croatia included the Krajina area. The Serb-held areas hosted a United Nations Protection
.)s Asn Pao NeihAUrttP(Acu N eosUdtSn eo o d emrhi)eahaPctRtetniaOirehNFnarwOU RePcNrUo(F
and North bordered the Bihac region.
38 eReOsFOR PnnNooUitamro fen ri ro.om3F 9y9r1aur b,eyFo vlnaEic e epefhScoti fRfCO HNU
.tcej oerePgu f,esRth gniaR m rueoHefttim msorCeywaL Protection by Presence? The Limits of United
Nations Safekeeping Activities in Croatia .) 3r9e9b1me t, pkwereSoNY(
owT snosaer nialpxe eht deunitnoc milsuM lortnoc fo ,cahiB etipsed stielbarenluv
.noitisop ehT egral ezis fo eht evalcne derreted eht sbreS morf ,kcatta rof raef foyvaeh
.sessol ,yldnoceS oot“ ynam elpoep erew gnikam oot hcum yenom tuo fo ti ot tnawti
”. tdueoffuns 39 n5ains oe Bh,tedakco lb br eeatSi ps eD ht y sattwhig uyolflufssec csups roC
tuo fo eht cahiB tekcop rof a feirb doirep ni .4991 ehT terces fo eht nainsoBs’ymrA
e 5hdtl odsah…sevlesme hstbr enSains oeBh tt“a hs tahwtgnerts th Corps a good part of its
”.yrnopaew ehT anijarK sbreS neve tnes doof otni s’cidbA yrotirret rof gnissecorpyb
.cremokorgA 40
cidbA stsilayol deganam ot tiforp morf htob RCHNU dna eht ROFORPNU.noilattab
.ncIi dmb oAsrrfev ilrad c dosnlkac unretv edle e rstieihlci htfero vo nhRasCr HnNeUhW
yraurbeF ,3991 taht emehcs dedne ni tnemssarrabme nehw sbreS deppots eht skcurt taa
tniopkcehc dna dnuof tuoba 000,007 ehcstueD skram neddih ni eht rood fo eht.skcurt 41
,, dnd tea ecami t ti hrrrudcdstiaebeeblf tv spAa neieeusiRomnnhucCcoatsiHSmfNufUho
s ydonva nbortoatorcrfotpnm oiac .etgiufhor p ci dobsAl anar tsyiiofhv onnrowpco-rof
yb gnitropmi doof morf bergaZ gnisu hcner Fyratil i.mskcurt nI na xodoht,rnoinaugrab
cidbA dedart egarots ecaps ni cremokorgA sesuoheraw ni egnahcxe rofROFORPNU
.strop msi’cid bfsAotrocse 42
ehT raw neewteb eht snaitaorC dna eht nainsoB smilsuM ni 3991 yltaergdecnavda
s’cidbA nwo noitisop dna yam evah derrups mih ot eralced e hstuo meocnnoitvuoArPfo
nretseW ainsoB ni rebmetpeS fo taht.raey 43 A wef shtnom retfa eht noitaralcedfo
,ymonotua ,revewoh eht notgnihsa WkrowemarF tnemeergA fo hcraM 4991 decrofnena
ecnailla no eht nainsoB smilsuM dna nainsoB staorC dna( rieht ,seilla ehtnaitaorC
.)tnemnrevog 44 ae i vtt masaysil ooaalc,lrwsny Cau eleekMalchaarte iurttcobAsisafeflo
of support.
emoS srev reetsablouceps taht htob aitaorC dna eht sbreS deirt ot esu cidbA ot teemrieht
, g,nniw to.csillafongoc roF“ eht ,sbre ScahiB saw eht gnissi mknil dedeen ot nioj-breS
dleh dnal n iaitao rdCn aainsoB ot a i,bfrle eShsctiihw si t aahiw tdaeotrnCaw ot diovata
” .lsltasoc 45 etcuns oenebg o hai s ibtld edtrle tieieedcarmsStiihoronvdtti piobsfrAnpocnU
eot ctn nn ednaa r nmliirrsoeanuateo’ihirolalfcv ttecpooiadavxrtdhnooeCbeargAbCsih
ysae noitisiuqca fo naitaorC.pihsnezitic 46 ,yllacitcaT eht naitaorC tnemnrevogdedeen
.ra weh tgniru dsdna h”yldneirf “n icahiB

39 Tim Judah, ehTsbreS .,3) 47,29s 9sy1etriPsre ve:iln n aewUYveaNH(
40 haduJ snialpxe taht os“ tnedifnoc erew esoht ,sbre S,revewoh fo rieht doog snoitaler htiw riehtssenisub
partners in the 5 th Corps that when it launched its attack only 20 per cent of Serbian troops who should
have been at their positions along the Bihac front were actually there. Judah, 244-245.
41 .8 9y9 l1,uaJve n,erGoh tsyuwbaeivre t,nsilaici fRfCo HNU
42 Husarska, 9-10.
43 Judah, 244.
44 , dnraa sw.udLSooW Balkan Tragedy (Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995), 214-215.
45 Silber and Little, 359.
46 .8 9y9 l1,uaJve n,erGoh tsyuwbaeivre t,nsilaici fRfCo HNU
lareveS srevresbo evah detressa taht cidbA edam a lataf lacitilop rorre ybgniralced
ymon or tenu bia.m3e9t9p1eS n oodi vetsecaijrrHaoa rflroacetSeddi smniohc naymene
dna a .rotiart erofeB eht ,noitaralced cidbA dleh a mudnerefer dna deniatbo revo05
tnecrep fo eht etov ni rovaf fo .ymonotua eH osla tem htiw eht redael fo ehtnainsoB
s’ymrA5 ht ,sproC zimaR ,civokerD ni na tpmetta ot edausrep eht ymra ot troppus
.noisseces civokerD detseuqer emit ot redisnoc eht nalp tub cidbA dehsur daehadna
demialcorp eht ecnetsixe fo eht suomonotuA ecnivorP fo nretseW ainsoB tuohtiweht
tnes nfooc eht re dn afmom oecht5 ht .sproC yl ns Oeodwat gfiorb eht5 ht sproCdetcefed
.cidb Ahtiw 47 .yme nseuoreg n scaaaidd bdAetegr aw toynm rnaains oe Bhfttos ee rhT
roirP ot s’c i,dnboAisseces eht aera fo cahi Bdeniatno ctuoba 000,002.elpoep 48 y lhguoR
000, 0d5evil ni e hntreht rtornap dna e ryelwec rleaiyfol ot .cidbA reh t,rhutFyutolsayol
ot ovejaraS dehgiewtuo troppus fo.cidbA 49 ylnO enhrteh t trdroeanwp oclildobfA nieht
noitaralced fo .ymonotua ehT noitaralced dedivid ,srobhgien dna neve .seilimaf ehT
detats nosaer rof noisseces desserts eht noitazilacidar dna cimalsI msilatnemadnuffo
lacig om elsmeoiorelr fdaf ditn e i rdm cpe.eeiwtia hottaosdcovsnllubteeacljAjwwoafraS
.snoitcirtser sA eno cidbA retroppus yllacirogetac ,deralced ajilA“ civogebtezI sieht
tseggib .mtislisluaMtn etmeardkniuFf cidbA si eht tseb tsimonoce dna tsetrams”.nam 50
d ec ritadalbhcA tedeedevhyatoljc nnaee elegar aro hkumbtnteiia rwlnngaa hZhttiweht
tser fo .ainsoB sA na suomonotua ,yrotirret eh dennalp ot eunitnoc gnilaed htiwhtob
.ym rsa i nhkini rdd ndao orfett edbeyoj nyee hdtemia lscrewoll ocfi d. bsAbr edS nsataorC
nI noitidda ot lacitcarp dna detseretni-fles snosaer rof gnitroppus ,cidbA elpoep“dah
”.m inthisu rstuomrone 51
r e. cd sfnantt o o hifinei eiaeaihtrBml rtciesetedr’hsfcTeid5dbA ht sproC thguof noruof
,stnorf htiw on epoh fo .stnemecrofnier noitavratS demool esuaceb ehtlarutlucirga
n o.si elt rcaan e uir ildd o draireetw3oeltotha9rtc nrtr9paedUo1mdeprm iisueqierrtsudni
.tnt c rrs yadfae u ro heop he g,oevyiv dtmeuyttnbBidiuohAmforaaostoAcrhsn aoftoua
,3991 cidbA dna eht sbreS dekcolb lla dia ot eht dereugaeleb .htuos RCHNUsecruos
detroper taht eh]t[“ cahiB ,tekcop erehw litnu yltnecer seitivitca nar yrev ,ylhtoomssah
emoceb rehtona ecruos fo suoires :nrecnoc lacol seitirohtua ni akileV asudalKdemrofni
RCHNU dna ROFORPNU taht syovnoc dluow ton eb dewolla otni eht aera erofeb4
”.]3 9r9e1b[meceD 52

47 ”,lay ae r sftsnoeteB hStgei kFncaoiP ndseogBei s,enB e“rh eogCoR se mk irwToeYN , June 26, 1994, 3.
48 The 1991 census counted 202,310 Muslims, 6,470 Croats, and 29,398 Serbs in pre-war Bihac. All but
000,1 fo eht sbreS tfel nehw eht raw ,na ggenbiva etluo b0a00 ,s9m9i1lsuM dna 000 ,.5staorC RCHNU
.5 9e9 n1,uyJo vlnaEic e eepfhcSotiffO
49 s’cidbA ecneulfni dellortnoc akileV asudalK tub detapissid ni eht .htuos nI eht rebmetpeS7991
elections, Abdic’s party won 15 of 24 seats in Velika Kladusa, a third of the seats in Cazin to the south,
dna orez staes ni cahiB nwot neve rehtruf .htuos enahpetS ,temeuqcaJ weivretni yb ,rohtua yluJ.8991
50 nahtanoJ .S ,yadnaL nainsoB“ ymrA sekaT lortnoC ni lebeR ”,tekcoP Christian Science Monitor ,
August 24, 1994.
51 ,cicnavI noitamrofni derehtag morf sih sweivretni htiw 052 cidbA.seegufer
52 .39 9, 19r2ebmev o.Neus slIaice p,Syov nlEaice pe Shfetocif fROCH NU