Migration between Africa and Europe

452 Pages·2018·9.36 MB·English

by  Cris Beauchemin

Cris Beauchemin E ditor
Migration
between
Africa and
Europe
Migration between Africa and Europe
Cris Beauchemin
Editor
Migration between Africa
and Europe
Editor
Cris Beauchemin
Institut national d’études démographiques (INED)
Paris, France
ISBN 978-3-319-69568-6 ISBN 978-3-319-69569-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69569-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017961736
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Foreword
Of all demographic outcomes, irregular migration is among the most difficult to
study. Even when they are fully documented, migrants are difficult to survey simply
because they are by definition mobile. Unauthorized migrants are especially diffi-
cult to study given their clandestine presence in places of destination and the inher-
ent risks they face when revealing information about their existence to strangers.
Under these circumstances, standard survey methods do not work, and more subtle
and imaginative approaches must be used.
During the 1980s, my colleague Jorge Durand and I developed the ethnosurvey
as a new tool for studying undocumented migration. Rather than seeking to under-
take a representative survey of migrants at places of destination, we sought to locate
and interview migrants within specific communities of origin. Even when applying
random sampling to locate respondent households, we found that within hometowns
the implicit threat of revealing to strangers sensitive information about clandestine
behaviors abroad was greatly reduced. Returned migrants were willing and often
eager to talk about their foreign experiences and the role that international migration
played in their own lives and the lives of family members. After establishing a rela-
tionship of trust with their interlocutors, respondents were quite willing to share
information about family members still living or working abroad, thus enabling
researchers to follow social networks to places of destination where they could
interview additional migrants from the community.
Jorge Durand and I originally developed the ethnosurvey approach to study doc-
umented and undocumented migration between Mexico and the United States,
beginning with representative surveys undertaken in 4 communities in 1982 and
then moving on to construct a much larger, cumulative database by surveying 4–6
communities new each year from 1987 to the present, an effort that came to be
known as the Mexican Migration Project (MMP). Having proved the utility of the
approach in Mexico, in 1998, we went on to create the Latin American Migration
Project to carry out ethnosurveys in other nations of the hemisphere.
Over the years, variants of this multisite, multi-method approach to data collec-
tion have been applied in a variety of other nations to study migratory streams ema-
nating from Eastern Europe, China, South Asia, and other regions. The Migration
v
vi Foreword
between Africa and Europe (MAFE) project represents perhaps the most elaborate
and well developed of these efforts, with wide-ranging surveys fielded in different
countries to reveal in rich detail the complex operation of three different migration
systems: one connecting communities in Senegal to destinations in France, Italy,
and Spain; another linking communities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
to destinations in Belgium and the United Kingdom; and a third binding locations
in Ghana to points of destination in Great Britain and the Netherlands.
The chapters in this volume document in great detail the evolution of each of
these migration systems from their origins in the 1970s to the present. In doing so,
they identify key determinants of migrants’ decisions to depart and return at differ-
ent points in time, shine new light on how migrants integrate within both sending
and receiving societies, and document the subtle interplay between migration and
the social organization of households and families. The MAFE project definitively
proves that it is indeed possible to conduct rigorous, scientifically valid, and empiri-
cally reliable research on the illusive phenomenon of unauthorized migration. One
can only hope that scholars take note of the great value of MAFE’s methods and
findings and that policy makers draw upon them to base their decisions on facts
rather than fantasies.
Princeton University Douglas S. Massey
New Jersey, USA
Preface
This book is a product of the Migration between Africa and Europe (MAFE) proj-
ect, which involved a multinational team of researchers working in nine countries
(Belgium, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Ghana, Italy, Netherlands,
Senegal, Spain, United Kingdom).1 Although more than 20 authors have contributed
to the book, not all researchers on the MAFE team are included. Their publications
can be found on the project website (http://mafeproject.site.ined.fr/en/). For all of
us, the MAFE project was a quite unique experience of collaboration, bringing
together people from all over the world and from many disciplines (anthropologists,
demographers, economists, geographers, sociologists, and statisticians). The large
number of authors for each chapter reflects the fact that the book is the result of a
strongly coordinated effort. The work began with preparing and conducting the
same sociodemographic survey in the nine countries listed above. Systematically,
interviewing about 4000 households and 5400 individuals was for us a precondition
for producing new evidence on African migration. The initial idea of collecting new
data on migration between Africa and Europe came from Douglas Massey. Although
the MAFE project is based on an original methodology, it is largely inspired by the
Mexican Migration Project (MMP) that he initiated with Jorge Durand and which
provided data for some of the most important sociodemographic studies of interna-
tional migration.2
Like any other survey project, MAFE enjoyed the support and assistance of
many people and institutions. The INED Survey Department played an essential
role in the development of the methodological tools: we benefited from the great
expertise of Raphaël Laurent, Cécile Lefèvre, Nicolas Razafindratsima, Geraldine
1 The MAFE project was coordinated by the Institut National d’Etudes Démographiques
(C. Beauchemin) and also involved the Université catholique de Louvain (B. Schoumaker),
Maastricht University (V. Mazzucato), the Université Cheikh Anta Diop (P. Sakho), the Université
de Kinshasa (J. Mangalu), the University of Ghana (P. Quartey), the Universitat Pompeu Fabra
(P. Baizan), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (A. González-Ferrer), the Forum
Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull’Immigrazione (E. Castagnone), and the University of
Sussex (R. Black).
2 More details at http://mmp.opr.princeton.edu/
vii
viii Preface
Vivier, and the late Martine Quaglia. The INED Statistical Methods Department
also played a crucial role in preparing the data that are freely available for research
use3: many thanks to Fofo Ametepe, Arnaud Bringé, Ariana Caporali, Tania
Lejbowicz, Amandine Morisset, and Marc Thévenin. Although we cannot cite all
the people who took part in this vast collaborative project, we are grateful to all of
them, especially to the interviewers and their supervisors, the team coordinators,
and the administrative staff. Finally, many thanks to the outside reviewers who com-
mented on the chapters during the book’s preparation: Joaquin Arango, Mumpasi
Lututala, Douglas Massey, Ronald Skeldon, and the late Graeme Hugo. The MAFE
project received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework
Programme under grant agreement 217206. The MAFE-Senegal survey was con-
ducted with the financial support of the Institut National d’Etudes démographiques
(INED, France), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, France), the Région
Ile-de-France, and the FSP program “International migrations, territorial reorgani-
zations and development of the countries of the South.”
Paris, France Cris Beauchemin
3 The project’s micro and macro data are available in both French and English, and we hope they
will be the starting point for many future studies. All the methodological documentation for the
MAFE study is available online, along with information on data access at http://mafeproject.site.
ined.fr/en/
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Cris Beauchemin
Part I A Comparative Approach of African Migration
2 Migration Between Africa and Europe (MAFE): Advantages
and Limitations of a Multi-site Survey Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Cris Beauchemin
3 African Migration: Diversity and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Bruno Schoumaker, Marie-Laurence Flahaux, Cris Beauchemin,
Djamila Schans, Valentina Mazzucato, and Papa Sakho
4 Migration Between Africa and Europe: Assessing the Role
of Resources, Family and Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Amparo González-Ferrer, Elisabeth Kraus, Pau Baizán, Cris
Beauchemin, Richard Black, and Bruno Schoumaker
5 Understanding Afro-European Economic Integration
Between Origin and Destination Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Eleonora Castagnone, Bruno Schoumaker, Tiziana Nazio,
and Laura Bartolini
6 Migrant Families Between Africa and Europe:
Comparing Ghanaian, Congolese and Senegalese
Migration Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Valentina Mazzucato, Djamila Schans, Kim Caarls,
and Cris Beauchemin
ix
x Contents
Part II Congolese Migration
7 Congolese Migration in Times of Political
and Economic Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Bruno Schoumaker, Marie-Laurence Flahaux,
and José Mangalu
8 Congolese Migrants’ Economic Trajectories in Europe
and After Return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Bruno Schoumaker, Eleonora Castagnone, Albert Phongi Kingiela,
Andonirina Rakotonarivo, and Tiziana Nazio
9 Migration and Family Life Between Congo and Europe . . . . . . . . . . 239
Cris Beauchemin, Kim Caarls, Jocelyn Nappa,
Valentina Mazzucato, Bruno Schoumaker, and José Mangalu
Part III Ghanaian Migration
10 Changing Patterns of Ghanaian Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Djamila Schans, Valentina Mazzucato, Bruno Schoumaker,
and Marie-Laurence Flahaux
11 Ghanaian Migration: Economic Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Richard Black, Peter Quartey, Eleonora Castagnone, Tiziana Nazio,
Bruno Schoumaker, and Andonirina Rakotonarivo
12 Transnational Families Between Ghana, the Netherlands
and the UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Kim Caarls, Valentina Mazzucato, Djamila Schans,
Peter Quartey, and Cynthia Addoquaye Tagoe
Part IV Senegalese Migration
13 From Senegal and Back (1975–2008): Migration Trends
and Routes of Migrants in Times of Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Cris Beauchemin, Papa Sakho, Bruno Schoumaker, and Marie-
Laurence Flahaux
14 Migrants’ Economic Participation in Origin
and Destination Countries: The Case of Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Eleonora Castagnone, Papa Sakho, Tiziana Nazio, Bruno
Schoumaker, and Andonirina Rakotonarivo
15 Senegalese Families Between Here and There . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Cris Beauchemin, Kim Caarls, and Valentina Mazzucato