Migration and Colonization in Human Microevolution

254 Pages·1999·1.365 MB·English

by  Alan G. Fix

CambridgeStudiesinBiologicalandEvolutionary
Anthropology24
Migrationandcolonizationinhumanmicroevolution
Migrationandcolonizationaremajorforces a⁄ectingthe fre-
quency,spatialpatternandspreadofgenesinhumanpopula-
tions.Here,AlanFixreviewstheoriesofmigrationdevelopedby
biologistsandsocialscientists,andsurveyspatternsofmigra-
tion in a diverse sample of human populations. Using these
empiricalstudies,heevaluatesmodelsof migrationdeveloped
by population geneticists and explores more realistic models
using computer simulation. He then shows the relevance of
studies of migration as a microevolutionary process to the
understandingoflongertermglobalpatternsofhumandiversi-
(cid:222)cation, by examining the spread of anatomically modern
Homosapiens,thedemicdi⁄usionofagricultureinEurope,and
the origins of human diversity in the Malayan Peninsula. By
focusing on migration as a process rather than as its genetic
consequences, the book provides a bridge between biological
andsocialsciencestudiesofmigration,geneticmicroevolution-
arytheoryandlongertermhumanevolution.
Alan G. FixisProfessorofAnthropologyattheUniversity
ofCalifornia,Riverside.Hisprimaryresearchinterestinvolves
thepopulationgeneticsanddemographyofsmall-scalehuman
populations,workwhichisbasedonextensive(cid:222)eldworkwith
theSemaiSenoiofMalaysia.
CambridgeStudiesinBiologicalandEvolutionaryAnthropology
SeriesEditors
Humanecology: C.G.NicholasMascie-Taylor,UniversityofCambridge
MichaelA.Little,StateUniversityofNewYork,Binghamton
Genetics: KennethM.Weiss,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity
Humanevolution: RobertA.Foley,UniversityofCambridge
NinaG.Jablonski,CaliforniaAcademyofScience
Primatology: KarenB.Strier,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison
ConsultingEditors
EmeritusProfessorDerekF.Roberts
EmeritusProfessorGabrielW.Lasker
Selectedtitlesalsointheseries
11 GeneticVariationandHumanDiseaseKennethM.Weiss
0521336600(paperback)
12 PrimateBehaviourDuaneQuiatt&VernonReynolds
0521498325(paperback)
13 ResearchStrategiesinBiologicalAnthropologyGabrielW.Lasker&C.G.N.
Mascie-Taylor(eds)0521431883
14 AnthropologyStanleyJ.Ulijaszek&C.G.N.Mascie-Taylor(eds)
0521417098
15 HumanVariabilityandPlasticityC.G.N.Mascie-Taylor&BarryBogin(eds)
0521453992
16 HumanEnergeticsinBiologicalAnthropologyStanleyJ.Ulijaszek
0521432952
17 HealthConsequencesof(cid:212)Modernisation(cid:213)RoyJ.Shephard&AndersRode
0521474019
18 TheEvolutionofModernHumanDiversityMartaM.Lahr0521473934
19 VariabilityinHumanFertilityLylianeRosetta&C.G.N.Mascie-Taylor(eds)
0521495695
20 AnthropologyofModernHumanTeethG.RichardScott&ChristyG.TurnerII
0521455081
21 BioarchaeologyClarkS.Larsen0521496411(hardback),
0521658349(paperback)
22 ComparativePrimateSocioecologyP.C.Lee(ed.)0521593360
23 PatternsofHumanGrowth,secondeditionBarryBogin
0521564387(paperback)
Migration and
colonization in
human microevolution
ALAN G. FIX
UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside
published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge
ThePittBuilding,TrumpingtonStreet,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom
cambridge university press
TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB22RU,UK www.cup.cam.ac.uk
40West20thStreet,NewYork,NY10011-4211,USA www.cup.org
10StamfordRoad,Oakleigh,Melbourne3166,Australia
RuizdeAlarco«n13,28014Madrid,Spain
©AlanG.Fix1999
Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout
thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished1999
PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge
TypefaceTimes10/12.5pt[vn]
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
Fix,AlanG.
Migrationandcolonizationinhumanmicroevolution/AlanG.Fix.
p. cm.—(Cambridgestudiesinbiologicalandevolutionaryanthropology)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0521592062
1.Humanpopulationgenetics. 2.Emigrationandimmigration.
3.Humanevolution. I.Title. II.Series.
Gn289.F59 1999
304.8dc21 98-32340 CIP
ISBN0521592062hardback
ToBetsy,Aaron,andAmy
XXXXXX
Contents
Preface xi
Planofthebook xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Thestudyofmigration 1
Evolutionaryandecologicalperspectives 1
De(cid:222)nitionsandpatterns:migration,dispersal,
andgene(cid:223)ow 1
Populationstructure:unitsofanalysis 2
Causalmodels 2
Socialscienceperspectives 6
Demographicmodels 6
Geographicandeconomicmodels 8
Anthropologicalgenetics:integrationofsocialand
biologicalperspectives 12
2 Theanthropologyofhumanmigration 13
Dimensionsofdiversityinculturalandecological
circumstances 13
Lowpopulationdensity,extensivelanduse,familygroups 17
Australia—Yolgnu 17
SouthAfrica—!KungSan 23
CentralAfrica—Aka 25
Lowtomoderatedensity,extensivecultivators,local
kingroups 28
LowlandAmazonia—Vaupe«s 28
LowlandAmazonia—Yanomamo 30
Malaysia—SemaiSenoi 33
NewGuinea—Gainj—Kalam 36
Highdensity,intensiveagriculturalists,localgroups
withinstate 39
Spain—Basque(1850—1910) 39
vii
viii Contents
England—Oxfordshire(1851) 42
NorthernIndia—FaizabadDistrict(1951) 45
Generalizations 47
3 Populationgeneticsmodelsandhumanmigration 51
Classicmodels 51
Theislandmodel 52
Isolationbydistance 53
Male«cot(cid:213)sisolationbydistance 54
Thestepping-stonemodel 59
Migrationmatrixmodel 61
Neighborhoodknowledgemodel 67
Basicvariables 74
Lifecycletiming 75
Units 78
Kinstructure 79
Spatialpattern 90
Geographyanddistance 90
Populationsizes 92
4 Computersimulationmodels 94
Experimentalapproachestohistoryandtheinteraction
ofevolutionaryforces 94
Minimumendogamouspopulationsize 95
Interactionofgeneticdriftandmigration—
kin-structuredmigration(KSM) 106
Migration—selectioninteraction—detectingclinal
andbalancedselectionunderKSM 111
Waveofadvanceofadvantageousgene 120
Colonizationwithfoundere⁄ect—clines 130
Colonizationwithextinction—structureddemes
inmetapopulations 136
5 Migrationandcolonizationinhumanevolution 149
InitialspreadofHomosapiens 153
MitochondrialDNA 153
Africanhomeland:evidenceandarguments 155
Demicdi⁄usionofagriculturethroughEurope 168
Thedemicdi⁄usionmodel 169
GeneticpatternsinEurope 171
Temporalselectionmodel 172
Contents ix
Evaluationofthemodels 175
PrehistoricSoutheastAsiandispersals:Peninsular
Malaysia 182
CulturaltraditionsinPeninsularMalaysia 186
BiologicaloriginsoftheOrangAsli 190
Populationunitsinhistoricalanalysis 192
HemoglobinE,ovalocytosis,andhistoryinSoutheast
AsiaandNearOceania 199
6 Conclusions:anevolutionaryframeworkforthestudyof
migration 203
Behavioralecologyofmigration 205
Anthropologyofhumanmigration 206
Populationgeneticmodelsofmigration 207
Morecomplexmodels—computersimulation 209
Migrationandcolonizationinthelongterm 211
References 215
Index 233
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