Table Of ContentMigrants, Refugees, and the Media
The large-scale movements of refugees and economic migrants from c onflict
zones to more stable societies have resulted in challenges, both for new
entrants and their hosts. This fascinating volume brings together a c ollection
of media analyses focused on immigration issues to examine how migration
has been represented to the public.
Case studies exploring media coverage of migrants and refugees in E urope
enable the reader to better understand the complexity of the process through a
range of unique and unexplored dimensions of immigration a nalysis, including
strategic framing theory, game structure analysis, migration maps and
routes, television narratives, rumour-based communication, and s tate-bred
campaigns.
The insights into the perspective of migrants, the general public and
policy makers provide innovative methodological and theoretical analysis
on population movements which will be of interest to scholars, students,
and policy makers working in the fields of migration studies, international
relations, peace and security studies, and social and public policy.
Sai Felicia Krishna-Hensel is Director of the Global Cooperation Initiative,
an academic, diplomatic, and policy forum. She has served as Director of the
Interdisciplinary Global Studies Research Initiative at Auburn University
Montgomery. She was President and Program Chair of the Comparative
Interdisciplinary Studies Section of the International Studies Association
from 1988 to 2015. In recognition of her long service she was awarded the title
of President Emeritus. She was honoured with the Millennium Distinguished
Service and Scholar Award in 2007. She has been a Fulbright Faculty Fellow,
was inducted into the Lychnos Society, and was elected a Life Fellow of the
Royal Geographic Society for her contributions to the study of colonial
urbanization. She is widely published in the fields of urbanization and
globalization. She is editor of the Global Interdisciplinary Series for Routledge
and has edited several volumes, including The New Millennium: Challenges
and Strategies for a Globalizing World, Global Cooperation, The New Security
Frontiers, Power and Security in the Information Age, and Religion, Education,
and Governance in the Middle East, among others. She has taught at the
Universities of Delhi and Virginia. She has actively promoted interdisciplinary
discourse and scholarship through the Millennium Series of Conferences and
several other outreach initiatives.
Global Interdisciplinary Studies Series
Series Editor: Sai Felicia Krishna-Hensel
The Global Interdisciplinary Studies Series reflects a recognition that glo-
balization is leading to fundamental changes in the world order, creating
new imperatives and requiring new ways of understanding the international
system. It is increasingly clear that the next century will be characterized by
issues that transcend national and cultural boundaries, shaped by compet-
itive forces and features of economic globalization yet to be fully evaluated
and understood. Comparative and comprehensive in concept, this series ex-
plores the relationship between transnational and regional issues through
the lens of widely applicable interdisciplinary methodologies and analytic
models. The series consists of innovative monographs and collections of es-
says representing the best of contemporary research, designed to transcend
disciplinary boundaries in seeking to better understand a globalizing world.
For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.
com/Global-Interdisciplinary-Studies-Series/book-series/ASHSER-1184
Debating European Security and Defense Policy
Understanding the Complexity
Maxime H. A. Larivé
Shifting Priorities in Russia’s Foreign and Security Policy
Edited by Rémi Piet and Roger E. Kanet
Religion, Education, and Governance in the Middle East
Between Tradition and Modernity
Edited by Sai Felicia Krishna-Hensel
New Security Frontiers
Critical Energy and the Resource Challenge
Edited by Sai Felicia Krishna-Hensel
Authoritarian and Populist Influences in the New Media
Edited by Sai Felicia Krishna-Hensel
Migrants, Refugees, and the Media
The New Reality of Open Societies
Edited by Sai Felicia Krishna-Hensel
Migrants, Refugees, and the
Media
The New Reality of Open Societies
Edited by Sai Felicia Krishna-Hensel
First published 2018
by Routledge
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© 2018 selection and editorial matter, Sai Felicia Krishna-Hensel;
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Krishna-Hensel, Sai Felicia, editor.
Title: Migrants, refugees, and the media: the new reality of open
societies / edited by Sai Felicia Krishna-Hensel.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. |
Series: Global interdisciplinary studies series; Ashser-1184 | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018003463 | ISBN 9780815377177 (hbk) |
ISBN 9781351234665 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Mass media and immigrants—Europe. | Refugees—
Press coverage—Europe | Immigrants—Press coverage—Europe. |
Europe—Emigration and immigration—Press coverage.
Classification: LCC P94.5.I482 E865 2018 | DDC 305.9/0691—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018003463
ISBN: 978-0-815-37717-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-351-23466-5 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by codeMantra
Contents
Figures vii
Tables ix
Contributors x
Introduction 1
1 Migration maps and the performance of Europeanness 13
PAUL C. ADAMS
2 What if I were a refugee? How game structures in interactive
media frame refugee stories 42
NICOLE BRAIDA
3 The refugee crisis in Europe: A frame analysis of
European newspapers 59
WILLEM JORIS, LEEN D’HAENENS, BALDWIN VAN GORP, AND
STEFAN MERTENS
4 The Balkans route: Media and refugee crisis in Europe 81
ŽELJKA LEKIć-SUBAšIć
5 The strategic framing of the 2015 migrant crisis in Serbia 121
ALEKSANDAR MITIć
6 A Spanish view of the European refugee crisis:
TV news coverage 151
LAURA SAN FELIPE FRíAS AND LIISA IRENE HäNNINEN
7 The humanitarian duty to communicate: An analysis
of rumour 173
VICTORIA JACK
vi Contents
8 Eastern Europeans in British press from 2004 to 2014 195
FATHI BOURMECHE
Conclusion 216
Index 221
Figures
1.1 A typical Frontex map showing irregular immigration
flows into Europe, described as: “Detections of illegal
border-crossing in 2014 with percentage change on 2013,
by route.” 20
1.2 Map of World War II military advances 22
1.3 “Main nationalities of illegal border-crossers
July–September 2015.” 24
1.4 “FLYKTINGKATASTROFEN” (Refugee Catastrophe) 25
1.5 The Lucify interactive migration map, embedded in a page
from Dagbladet 27
1.6 Human costs of border control: death at the borders of
Southern Europe. Interactive map by Dutch Data Design
and the Human Costs of Border Control (HCBC) Online
file at: www.borderdeaths.org, accessed May 17, 2016.
Reproduced with permission of HCBC, University of
Amsterdam 31
1.7 “Des morts par milliers aux portes de l’Europe” (Deaths
by the thousands at the doors of Europe) with breakdown
by cause: drowning, suicide, asphyxiation, starvation,
lack of care, hypothermia, fire, homicide, poisoning, land
mines, accidents, and other 32
1.8 “Les Opérations de surveillance de l’agence” (Surveillance
Operations of the Agency) 33
1.9 World new map, Rafat Alkhateeb. Twitter. September
2015. Used with permission of the artist (https://www.
cartoonmovement.com/p/12505) 35
3.1 Presence of frames in the coverage of the refugee
crisis (in percent) 67
3.2 Evolution of the frames ‘increased insecurity’ and ‘role of
the West’ throughout the examined period (in percent) 75
4.1 The number of news articles about the refugee crisis in two
Bosnian online media outlets, Klix.ba and Avaz.ba 92
viii Figures
4.2 Number of news articles on Avaz.ba news site using the
term ‘refugee(s)’ vs. ‘migrant(s)’, ‘refugee(s) and migrant(s)’,
and ‘refugee(s), migrant(s), and asylum seekers’ 93
4.3 Number of news articles on Klix.ba news site using the
term ‘refugee(s)’ vs. ‘migrant(s)’, ‘refugee(s) and migrant(s)’,
and ‘refugee(s), migrant(s), and asylum seekers’ 94
4.4 Representation of themes in two Bosnian online media
outlets, Klix.ba and Avaz.ba 96
4.5 Representation of news sources in two Bosnian online
media outlets, Klix.ba and Avaz.ba 96
4.6 The number of news articles about the refugee crisis in
Croatian online media outlet 24sata.hr 99
4.7 Number of news articles on Croatian 24sata.hr news site
using the term ‘refugee(s)’ vs. ‘migrant(s)’, ‘refugee(s) and
migrant(s)’, and ‘refugee(s), migrant(s), and asylum seekers’ 100
4.8 Representation of themes on Croatian 24sata.hr news site 100
4.9 Representation of news sources on Croatian 24sata.hr
news site 103
4.10 The number of news articles about the refugee crisis in
Serbian online media outlet b92.net 104
4.11 Number of news articles on Serbian b92.net news site
using the term ‘refugee(s)’ vs. ‘migrant(s)’, ‘refugee(s) and
migrant(s)’, and ‘refugee(s), migrant(s), and asylum seekers’ 105
4.12 Representation of themes on Serbian b92.net news site 106
4.13 Representation of news sources on Serbian b92.net news site 107
4.14 Comparison of the number and distribution of articles on
the refugee crisis of Bosnia, Croatian, and Serbian
online media 109
5.1 Media 137
5.2 Key frames 138
5.3 Frame packages – official vs nonofficial policy 139
5.4 Sources in news items 140
5.5 Sources – official vs possible critical line 141
5.6 Negative vs positive reader comments 141
6.1 Number of reports on refugees chart (Apr–June/2016)
(119 Rept.) 158
6.2 Number of reports on refugees (Apr–June/2016) (119 Rept.) 159
6.3 Remarks on point of view of political parties (119 Rept.) 160
6.4 Leading roles of diverse social groups featured in the
reports (119 Rept.) 160
6.5 News section 161
6.6 Prevailing approach on the refugee reports (119 Rept.) 161
6.7 Character of the prevailing events reported (119 Rept.) 162
6.8 Type of prevailing images broadcast 162
Tables
3.1 Appendix Point 4: Author – Coding 77
3.2 Appendix Point 7: Origin of the asylum seekers 78
3.3 Appendix Point 8: 15 Frames – Coding 79
3.4 Appendix Point 8: 15 Frames – Sponsors 79
6.1 Record of dates, significant events and total of reports on
refugees per day 155
6.2 Selection criteria and news for further review 156
